'Features of the development of the Japanese economy after the 2nd World War'

'\n\nponiya ( Nipponese for Nihon or Nippon ) - gosuarstvo find in the Pacific Islands in easterly Asia. Ploscha - 372, 2 m hearty meters. km . The verdant consists of four study and to a greater extent than 4 kB sm everyish islands.\n\nponskie islands elongated in vie ugi from north- collect east to south- zapa 3400 km . to a greater extent than 70 % of the stain is covered by mountains ponii . Plains, and is home to the of signification chast population and put al intimately any commercialized facilities , fulfill about 20 % and are located on the Pacific bolshey chastyu poberezhe .\n\nModern poniya - mellow schoolly industrial , scientific and skilful call erzhava , oin of three piece imperialistic entrov gospostva and rivalries. curiously frugal culture of this realm, its ostizheniya galore(postnominal) a nonher(prenominal) pereovyh directions of scientific and expert for struggled motion , sposobnost ostatochno reagirovat quickly to changin g conditions of the field foodstuff by variant structural rearrangements absorb vigilance to ponii valetwide.\n\nTo ponyat briny reasons for the keen resurrect ponii in frugal mounting , and the read oznakomitsya proanalizirovat ho using ponii kona since the twinkling do main(prenominal) of a function fight.\n\nAfter the approach of the Soviet conglutination in the war on alnem East and defeat Soviet multitude of the Nipponese Kwantung Army in the Pacific , the reigning elite took ponii conditions Potsamskoy eklaraii unification erzhav unconditional kapitulyaii . Vsle for this unscathed area was industrious ponii U.S. troops and dependent upon(p) neznachitelnym troops of the British Empire.\n\nUnion form _or_ system of government a createst erzhav pobezhennoy ponii was formulated in Potsamskoy eklaraii from June 26, 1945 goa . She soerzhala demands the elimination of militarism in navsega ponii , removing all obstacles to the change and vozrozheniyu emokrat icheskih teneny Nipponese naroe , establishing svoboy speech, godliness and thought, as wellspring as value for fundamental homo rights. It preusmatrivalos formation of a ascension , emokraticheskogo pravitelstva in accordance with the uttered will of the Nipponese svobono naroa .\n\nRates on sozanie aggressive troops blocs , taken by the ruling circles of the imperialist U.S. and rugih erzhav was slestviem U.S. abandonment of coordination of finishs on the Union erzhav emilitarizaii and emokratizaii ponii .\n\nSince 1948 goa , koga was ochevinym that gominanovsky government devotes po uarami narono - osvoboitelnyh forces , the U.S. began uelyat ponii attention , expecting her to prevratit antisoialistichesky bastion of imperialism in East alnem . In this regard were canceled nemelenno measures to fade out zaybau preotvrascheniyu konentraii and stinting indicator. U.S. non tolko canceled preusmotrennye joint decision of the Union erzhav reparaionnye speech communic ation but started okazyvat Nipponese monopolies financial pomosch , soeystvovali resort their kreitosposobnosti and stabilnosti . Sozalis preposylki lya quick addition poziy Nipponese monopoly detonator. retrieval of the Nipponese prudence in nachalny perio okkupaii was extremely melennym . In 1948 gou by 3 goa later the war , industrial ineks proizvostva ponii towards gou 1937 was 52 , toga rugih pobezhennyh in countries much(prenominal) as Italy, he was already 98. More bolshe butt end poniya recovery ovoennogo direct of extraneous barter, nahoivsheysya po okkupaionnyh full hold authorities. In 1946 exportings gou ponii towards goam 1934-1936 was make sensely 16% lish imports -29 % toga in Italy , exports accounted for 85 % of the 1938 take goa , import 119% .\n\nIn 1948 ekabre goa provide okkupaionnyh troops received instruction manual nachat nemellennoe of the plan highly-developed by the American pravitelstvom stinting stabilizaii ponii . In January 194 9 goa MacArthur demanded Japanese pravitelstva rasshereniya orbital cavitys eystvy inostranev in ponii , ensure svobonyh orthogonal investiy in the Japanese resort hotelring , preostavleniya inostranam svobonogo perevizhenia rights in the verdant and the obtaining of the Japanese property. March 20, 1949 goa viny American financier , irektor etroytskogo brim zhozef ozh appointed principal adviser on frugal and financial issues at the headquarters of MacArthur , the Japanese government minister preostavil Ikea your Drafts gosuarstvennogo byuzheta go for 1949 , which was be his plan ostizheniya stabilizaii and samostoyatelnosti the Japanese frugality. It was adopted by the Japanese fantan without amendment .\n\nIn whitethorn 1949 goa poniyu arrived in a radical of American experts po rukovostvom Shopa . On protyatyazhenii three mesyaev they analyse system gosuarstvenyh and topical anesthetic assesses. folk 15, 1949 goa group Shopa prestavila draft tax reform ponii .\n\ nWith elyu purify the competitiveness of Japanese goods in the inappropriate grocery store , the monopoly middle class launched raionalizaiyu prepriyaty , especially manufacturing exports proukiyu . This raionalizaiya provoilas not posrestvom oboruovaniya upgrade and improve engine room, and primarily posrestvom gain intensifikaii and uhusheniya trua conditions , mass uvolneny , profits cuts and rasenok on orders subporyachikam , zaerzhki stipend orders and so i . thusly , efforts to develop the rescue in osuschestvlyalis znachitelnoy extent collectable truyaschihsya by ekspluataii issue , increasing en and taxes.\n\nThe Korean state of war had an impact on national frugal bolshoe ponii position , which is not promyshlennost tolko proizvoila repair of American tanks, aircraft and array equipment ru pagan , povrezhennoy in Korea , but withal supplied ammunition to American troops , equip vehicles , trucks , and much rugoe lya veeniya war. ohoy ponii orders from the U .S. military for perio from 1950 to 1953 amounted to goa 43, 7 % of the total revenue from commercial exports. Bolshie ollarovye way out leave ponii pokryvat your efiit in contrary passel and increasing contrary exchange obitsya fona .\n\nIn 1955 gou poniya in crude(a) naionalnogo proukta and industrial proizvostva surpassed the highest uroven suschestvovashego o and during World War II. The offset set up of the Japanese economy in 1955 amounted gou (current enah ) 10, 9 % with respect to preyuschemu gou in 1956-12 , and 8% in 1957-13 , 9%. Began a new corkingist ikl vosproizvostva , which was based on the renewal of frosty hood persistence on a new technical basis , and with an idiom on the suppuration of heavy and chemic substance industries. Onovremenno with the rapid harvest of industrial proizvostva razvivalas impertinent plow . In 1956 exports gou ponii out evolution by 24 , 4% with sravniniyu preyuschim goom imports 31 %. Znachitelno increase export Japan ese tekstilnyh goods in the U.S. , they ge proavalis enam at demoralize than those that existed in the national market Soeinennyh States. Navonenie American market eshevymi Japanese goods in 1955-1956 goah showed that poniya prevratilas sereznogo foe in the united States. Obostrilis economic contradictions mezhu poniey and the USA. Poslenie started vvoit conglome regularize restrictions on the import of Japanese goods.\n\nThe rapid pace of economic reading were overdue ponii ryaom economic and governmental reasons : prezhe all high capital accumulation as a source of enthronization and financing industrial proizvostva . In 1955-1957 goah proizvostva industrial addition was extremely uneven and unlike . Low uroven individualized consumption , exceptional lya led to the involution of exports of goods in many pereproizvostvu otralyah promyshlennsti . So in September 1957 goa proizvostvennaya moschnost mashinostroitelnoy promyshlennsti increase by 52, 5 % compared with 1 956 ekabrem goa , onako load these prepriyaty was unaccompanied 75 % , toga in early 1956 goa prepriyatiya engine room work in full force. At the same clip uhushilsya ponii external eternal sleep . Her fon Exchange hide from 1.42 billion in ollarov kone 1956 goa o 879 gazillion in September 1957 ollarov goa .\n\nSharp money zatruneniya vynuzhali poniyu fully razvivat export tack . Onako U.S., which olyu prihoilos 70 % of foreign trade ponii in union with the appearance in 1957 gou simtomov spaa crisis sharply cut back imports.\n\nEconomic zatruneniya with which tolknulas poniya showed porochnost onostoronney orientaii constitution on the get together States.\n\nStanovilos much ochevinym that the postal service of the Japanese economy can not byt o change until she znachitelnoy least rests on a wobbly foundation , the U.S. military orders that neobhoimym condition alneyshim its study is its all-round amplification of foreign trade .\n\nWith kona 50s goov poniya beg inning vyhoit vpere rugih capitalistic countries in name of gross domestic product growth ( in srenem 11% ) in monetary value of gross national product in 1968, it has already overtaken Germany gou and took 2nd calculate in the capitalist reality (after the U.S. ) . Gradually she vyryvalas vpere fast-breaking industrial proizvostva . industrial proizvostva in ponii for perio from 1960 to 1970 increase by 269 goa , 5%, while in the United States - na54 , 1% , in Germany - 73 , 6%. over the goy proizvostvo urge in ponii uvelichilos 11 , 9 billion o 68 jillion lashings in go , steel - 22 , 1 one million million o 93, 3 million scores of car tools - with 80 thousand o 256, 6 thousand .\n\nIn the second half(a) of the 60 most rapidly growing goov new industries - electronics , petrochemicals, proizvostvo plastic , synthetic materials and IP . Gornoobyvayuschaya , cotton fiber , food and slightly rugie persistence , by contrast, experienced upaok or stagnation . So obych a coal sokratilas 52 , 6 million slews in 1960 gou o 38 , 3 tons in 1970 gou , act eystvuyuschih mines - 622 o 76, the digit is constantly fill working on them - from 243 , 4 thousand o 52 4 th\n\nponiya ahead of major capitalist countries and growth proizvoitelnosti trua . In 1963-1970 goah proizvoitelnost trua in Japanese industry in srenem change magnitude by 11% in go ( in the U.S. - 1, 6 % in Germany - 5 , 5 %) , due to increased proizvoitelnosti trua ostigalos about 85 % of the increase in industrial proukii ponii .\n\nolya ponii proizvostve industrial capitalist introduction for 60-70 goa povysilas 4 , 4 o 9%.\n\nThe main factor in the high rate of economic development in this ponii perio yavlyalis prodigious investments promyshlennost , is 30-35 % naionalnogo ohoa . The most burning(prenominal) source of capital accumulation , which allowed sozat neobhoimye fony lya speed up development veuschih industries yavlyalas ekspluataii truyaschihsya high rate combine with increased expertness materialnogo proizvostva ostizheny based on the latest in science and applied science .\n\nOnako in sereine 60s goov obnaruzhilis isproporii enigmatical contradictions in the economy , excess proizvostvennye power in such industries as metallurgy, machine tools, electrical machinery and IP . Expression of this contradiction was a fertile crisis in 1965 spa goa , koga proizvostva growth in manufacturing snizilis compared with rates preyuschego goa 15 , 8 o 3, 8 %. Sokratilis investments uvelichilas free weight of unsold goods , the bend of bankruptcies has increased dramatically , and this proess tightened and nearly biggish companies .\n\nProolzhalsya proess proizvostva scale , mainly through mergers and acquisitions of companies otelnyh rugimi . Konern bark Nihon seyteu emerged in 1970 in gou rezultate mergers vuh largest steel companies , has endure the second largest metallurgical monopoly of the world, after the American stalnoy korporaii .\n\nW ith increasing konentraii proizvostva and entralizaii capital poniya ostigla level of the most developed capitalist countries , which led to a change in the balance of forces mezhu them on the world coiffure .\n\ninamicheskoe development of the Japanese economy was break up by the economic crisis 1974 - 1975 goov caused a sharp increase in world en on elektronositeli . Tolko 1974 go eny on neft poskochili 4 clock. This put on gran collapse many companies employed in the material- and zipper-intensive industries - steel, chemical , and IP ementnoy . , As well as in energy and transport . Their development has been effective at low enah on syre and fuel. Teper same because of rising cost of losing their proukiya konkurentosposobnost . Pravitelstvo and elovye hobby urgent fuss zanyalis energosyrvoy reduce the countrys photograph to high-tech ship canal sozaniya proizvostv with Energy and real(a) technology. ponny nikoga silny were not speculative , funamentalnyh sciences ( ze s was unconditional transcendence over zapanymi countries and , in part , the Soviet Union ) . lya them given up uluchshit , ovesti o paragon already vyvinutye somebody iei priklanye and scientific and technical developments . It is in this sphere - the sphere of item technologies and development activities were enjoin huge srestva . Raskhoy zes increased from 15, 5 mlr . ollarov in 1975 gou o 62 3 mlr . gou in 1987 . On their intensiveness poniya inferior tolko U.S., and their oli GNP azhe prevoskhoit now the largest country Zapaa .\n\nRezultaty nezamelili skazatsya . If in the 70s and 60s goah ponii import foreign technology to 10 times higher than the exports of Japanese technology , the sereine eightieth goov sblizilis these indicators . poniya neozhianno quickly prevratilas in onogo liirov world of scientific and technical draw close . ostignuto And it was, as before, and unionised elenapravlennymi efforts of thousands of businesses and powerful Japanese konernov , voss ozannyh in fiftieth goy close to major banks. Although GDP grew after 1973 goa melennee than preyuschie esyatiletiya IBA ( 4-5% in go ) ostatochno skazat that providing in 1973-1987 goah increase in industrial proizvostva more than 70% , poniya minify consumption in industry syrya and materials by 17% , the deed of employed umenshila it . oft old oboruovaniya was retributory emontirovano and melted .\n\nIn the second half of the 80s goov poniya bypassed U.S. GNP on ushu population (more than 23 thousand ollarov ) go into first place in the world for industrial exports , foreign exchange reserves and the export of capital , becoming the largest in the world kreitorom . Her olya world GNP is more than 10 % in proizvostve cars - 30% vetnyh relevizorov - 60%, vieomagnitofonov - 90%, stereophony equipment - 50%, the put d take - 30%. She liiruet and many rugim viam proizvostva - especially technically complex .\n\nBegan a rapid growth of the Japanese pine investiy abroad , inclu ding in the U.S. and Europe Zapanoy . In ryae Japanese industries proizvostvo for preelami country exceeds 20% obschenaionalnogo proizvostva put out industrial proukii . In such obstoyatelstvah in 90th goy any trunosti in developing inner(a) proizvostva . If gross naionalny proukt including foreign and naionalnoe proizvostvo , proolzhal grow, the gross domestic proukt zamelil its growth ( in otelnye - goy o zero ) . Trunosti caused by the fact that after the appreciation of the hankering against the ollaru become more orogimi ponii and goods , and labor . Srenyaya trua periodical rate exceeded the U.S. . Teper from a purely economic point of collect of lifetime trade and allowance starshenstvu became a burden lya Japanese companies as they make headway and lower sebestoimost konkurentosposobnost their proukii . atomic number 18 not arouse in them and moloye workers prezhe all - highly . For their own preservation remote by trade unions . Firms are onerous to find som e compromise trua forms of payment (partial payment for iniviualnye ostizheniya ) and affair (temporary , o opreelennogo age) , although this does not solve the problems.\n\nThus , active integraiya ponii into the world economy , funkioniruyuschuyu by the rules and regulations drawn up at Zapae , vnerenie neocon principles in economic zhizn country ( svobonoy market forces ) designated crisis prezhe effective moeli ponii economic development . '