Local and National Provision for Hockey Essay

Sport’s a big part of today’s society, with hockey featuring highly. This is mainly due to the popularity of the sport within secondary schools and the national curriculum. With about 1150 hockey clubs in England, a National Governing Body (NGB) essentially organises the country’s hockey. England Hockey replaced the England Hockey Association (2002). It coordinates involvement and development with nationally run competitions and leagues. Much work’s also pumped into developing the foundations for future hockey: the young players of today. With high profile names involved in local schemes such as ‘Slazenger Stick Skills’, youngsters are encouraged to participate with rewards e.g. badges and certificates. The National Lottery helps develop all levels of hockey with funding via Sport England. It’s also in conjunction with the Youth Sports Trust and the Central Council for Physical Recreation. Through funding, Regional schemes such as Active Sports Talent Camps exist to develop the regions county and talented players. Lucazade often get involved with these local to territorial ‘stepping stones’. Locally, clubs such as Bradford and Halifax Hockey Club also exist and have junior teams to involve younger, future players. Local area teams like Calderdale compete against others, such as Wakefield, in developmental tournaments such as the Millennium Youth Games. This type of basic introductory competition promotes basic principals of hockey: fun whilst gaining experience and skill. Clubs receive private sponsors to fund kit, but main funding comes from the players i.e. hiring the pitch is paid for by subs. Some clubs may organise fund raising events such as ‘bag-packs’ at supermarkets. Sponsorship at national level is more serious with England Hockey leading the way in developing its image with investors such as Harrods and high status associations such as Great Britain Olympic Hockey and World Class Hockey. Hockey’s usually introduced at secondary school as part of the National PE Curriculum, but younger players may be introduced to junior sections of clubs through siblings etc. As a traditional sport that’s stereotyped for females (especially school level) private schools emphasise its’ importance by being in conjunction with local clubs to provide pathways for progression e.g. Bradford Girls Grammar School and Bradford Hockey Club. By regular club training and competition, a player may develop and be entered for local schemes/trials e.g. representing Kirklees in the West Yorkshire Youth Games. This can lead to scouting for county trials. Through higher standards of training and competition, development may continue and progression to a territorial level e.g. North England. Opportunities through trials and training weekends are provided and thus, following the pattern, international trials and competition. As seen by the diagram the different stages become more demanding with less players meeting the higher standards and progressing upwards. There’s ranging competition at all levels e.g. school- u12, to u18 and clubs varying from u11 up to numerous open age teams. Currently in England hockey is not a professional and therefore technically paid sport as it is in various other countries such as Holland. There is no provision for this level but with an increase of water based pitches and the senior men’s and women’s English hockey Leagues’ continuously improving standards of competition, the international scene is well established and provided for. By playing in the Senior National League a player has reached the top level of competition before international level, and thus it often leads to opportunities to trials for these highly developed players. There are however both male and female international competitions via club tournaments, and representative events for the England teams such as the Olympics, World and European Championships. Aside from the other agencies mentioned in connection with England Hockey the school link programme PESSCL partner the NGB to re-enforce participation in the education zone. They work together to implement it within secondary schools, but as yet there is no such scheme for primary schools such as ‘High 5 Netball’. This information is generally based on female participants but many clubs have male teams that are involved in national, regional and sub divisions. E.g. Sheffield has long standing, devoted men’s teams. Equality exists with popular, yet more social as most players are initially committed to gender specific teams. However colleges such as Greenhead provide for mixed team players and participate in regular competition. Although more profiled as a ‘female sport’ the National Men’s league has a higher status through more media and sponsorship coverage than the women’s league with early sponsors like ‘à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Stretcher and much more consistent media coverage from Sky Sports.’ Although sparse, Zone Hockey is a full flowing scheme that provides access to hockey for the disabled. It can be played on an equal level with able bodied players and is simply and adapted version of the original. It was developed between Nottingham Trent University, the Youth Sport Trust and England Hockey. It’s widely supported by associations such as the British Wheelchair Sports Foundation. A 5-a-side game that is fully adaptable to different playing surfaces and wheelchairs, that provides all boys and girls with a high scoring, fast moving, fun game. However there is no involvement at an elite level such as at the Paralympics due to its sparse global popularity and no record of an international English representative side Evaluating the situation of Hockey within England, it’s fair to say there’s a solid structure that can still be built on. Equality exists within the sport to the extent of mixed teams, of which most major sports in England do not provide for at senior level e.g. soccer. Also disabled access exists and is strong in many parts of the country but not to the extent of international competition. However, without professionalism, Hockey lacks funding that marketing, TV coverage rights, ticket sales etc. could provide. Fantastic facilities become ever more prominent (e.g. water based pitches), there is surely a gap waiting to be filled that would provide more access and opportunity locally and nationally including disabled athletes. This is certainly an aspect to consider for improvement and standard of the sport for all.

Comparison between Roman and American Political Institutions

The Roman civilization was one of the most important civilizations occurred in the world. Political system in the Roman period encouraged people's participation and paved the way for democracy. The ancient political structure in the Roman period influenced the future democracies of Europe and other parts of the world. In the modern period, the United States is considered a role model for many democracies across the globe. There are several countries that have emulated the US style of democracy in their political system.While Roman political institutions were symbols of democracy in the ancient and medieval period, the political institutions in the USA hold significance in the modern period. Both Roman and American political institutions have many things in common. Historical Background â€Å"In 27 BC, Emperor Augustus devised a new form of monarchy by offering more powers to the people† (Abbott, 1963). He laid the foundation of a democratic system of the government that became the basis of the political structure of the country. Augustus maintained the forms of republican government until his death.He transferred the legislative function of the assemblies to the Senate. His successors followed the political structure established by him and also revised the structure from time to time. Major changes in the political structure of Rome were noticed in the medieval period. The political structure of the United States is vast and constructive. The US has the world's oldest written constitution. â€Å"The US Constitution, which formed the basis for laws and administration of the country, was written in 1787† (King, 1990). There have been many changes in the United States after the Constitution came into force.However, the basic principles remained unchanged. The Constitution provides the guidelines for the structure and functioning of the political institutions of the country. Political Structure in Rome and America The United States is comprised of 50 different states. The political structure of the United States has the federal government, state governments and local governments. The President is the head of the US political system. The federal government of the United States consists of the President, the US Congress and the federal courts.The US Congress is the main political institution of the country, which has two chambers called the Senate and the House of Representatives. The Senate has 100 members, while the House of Representative has 435 members. The political institutions of Rome consisted of the Assemblies, Senate, Curia and Forum. The Roman assemblies were integral parts of the political institutions of Rome. The Roman assemblies had both legislative and judicial powers in the Roman Republic. The Senate is the most deliberative body of the roman political system and it had considerable clout in the roman politics.Roman Assemblies vs American Legislature Unlike the legislatures in the United States, the Roman assembl ies used to open the houses directly to the people. The legislatures in the United States and other countries appoint representatives elected by the people. However, Roman assemblies were directly governed by the people. They also possessed important legislative powers such as passing laws and bills. In Roman assemblies, normal citizens did not debate legislation. There were only magistrates who had the power to propose legislation.The Roman assemblies were not deliberative by nature, while the Senate is deliberative. However, both the houses of the US Congress are deliberative. Of the two chambers of the US Congress, the Senate is more deliberative than the House of Representatives. The House of Representatives in the United States is similar to the Assemblies in Roman political structure. It is a house of people and follows public opinion. Just like the Roman assemblies, the House of Representatives has more proximity to the mass sentiments. However, there is one major difference in both the political institutions.While members of the Roman assemblies were appointed by the emperor or the rulers, members of the House of Representatives are elected by the people. Each of the 50 states is represented in the House of Representatives proportional to its population. Each member serves a two years term. The Roman Senate vs the US Senate The Senate in Rome was not an elected body. It was consisted of members from the Roman aristocratic classes. Those senators were primarily former magistrates who had severed in important administrative posts in the past. â€Å"The Senate held the major powers to preserve Roman knowledge and tradition.It always took major decision on religious affairs, public policy and foreign affairs. The Roman Senate was known as the â€Å"Council of Elders†. It had around 300 members. The Senators could be expelled if they were found to have committed an act against the public morals† (Abbott, 1963). Senators in the United States ar e directly elected by the people in their respective states. Each state sends two members to the Senate. Each senator serves for a six year period. â€Å"Elections are held for one-third of the seats of the Senate every second year.After being elected, a Senator serves until the expiry of his term† (King, 1990). Like the Roman Senate, the US Senate is also known as the â€Å"House of Elders†. The US Senate has the power to expel any member. Two-thirds majority votes are required to expel a Senator. Judicial Powers The Roman assemblies possessed judicial powers. At a later stage, some of the judicial powers were transferred to permanent courts. Although the separation of powers did not exist in the Roman political system, checks and balances were perfectly maintained. In the United States, the judiciary is separated from the legislature.The Senate or the House of Representatives do not have any authority over the proceeding of the courts. The Supreme Court is the highes t judicial body in the United States. While other federal courts are created by the Congress, the Supreme Court has been established by the US Constitution. Local Governments in the United States and Curia and Forum in the Roman Empire â€Å"In the ancient times, a curia was considered as a subdivision of the people. It was a meeting place where the tribe discussed its affairs. At a later stage, a curia became a place where local government held office† (Abbott, 1963).Judicial proceedings and government meetings were held in curia. The Roman Forum was the center for commerce, business and administration. All the community-based activities were held at the forum. The local governments in the United States resemble the Roman curia and forum. Local governments in the United States are referred to the governments at the city, town or village. Local governments have own jurisdiction on the developmental work in their areas although they are accountable to the state and federal gov ernments. ConclusionBoth the Roman and American political institutions have great significance in propagating democratic values in the world. Political system in the Roman Empire was the basis for the new political structures in the modern world. The US political system, which is being adopted by many countries in the world, is influenced by the ancient Roman political system to a large extent. Bibliography: King, A. (1990). The New American Political System. American Enterprise Institute. Abbott, Frank Frost. (1963). A History and Description of Roman Political Institutions. New York: Biblio & Tannen.

Censorship Gone Too Far

This review has passed seven cited quotes regardless of whether you entered the music store or not and you are seeing parent consultation stickers in most of today's popular music. Or, the TV viewer rating is displayed in the upper left corner of your favorite show. What is your favorite video game rating? I believe that you have, but you truly know the influence of these so-called harmless stickers and images on the world of entertainment and your freedom of expression. Recently, in the United States I advertised family values Music review by students at the University of Maryland has gone far. Recently, society as a whole has been influenced by increasingly intense controversy over music censorship. The censorship system is defined as the supervision and management of information and dissemination in society. Many people think that reviewing music is only hiding the truth of American people. This is obviously a biased problem involving the music industry and the people with which i t interacts. Because everyone has their own perspective, censorship is subject to increasingly hot discussion and discussion. The censorship system is unconstitutional as it restricts people's freedom of speech. If legislators can limit this right, what rights do they restrict next? It is a direct infringement of the rights given to us in the first amendment and further reviews should not allow for review if the government limits one right! The censorship system is a controversial subject, and many people think that there are too many censorship systems, but many people think censorship system is far from sufficient. Most people agree that censorship is the management of information and ideas communicated in society. Books can be banned for four reasons: politics, sex, society, religion. - Throughout history, books had a major impact on the society they write. Many of the most important classics in history were challenged or even banned by people of those days. Great novels like Mar k Twain's Adventures of The Huckleberry Finn and Nathaniel Hawthorne's Red Letter have been challenging for years.

2nd Amendment to the Constitution Research Paper

2nd Amendment to the Constitution - Research Paper Example With due regard on the issue, the discussion henceforth intends to briefly discuss about the Second Amendment enacted in the US Constitution taking into account the various controversial arguments related to the enactment.. With this concern, the discussion will also be focused on highlighting certain recent relevant court cases with respect to the issue. The Second Amendment to the Constitution of the US can be considered as one of the major controversial enactments in the history of the nation. The amendment was initially approved on 15th of December 1791which preserves the right of the US people to bear weapons irrespective of their military identification owing to their need for self-protection, defence and security in their residences. Since then, the amendment has been one of the most controversial issues in the civil legislation of the US. Recently, in the year 2008 the amendment was again questioned under the circumstances presented in the District of Columbia v. Heller, 554 U.S. 570 (2008). The civil court therefore had to rule out that the second amendment made in the Bill of Rights violated certain protection acts already enforced within the nation. However, owing to the circumstances of the criminal offence and the purpose of the second amendment, the court approved the decree that the enactment preserves an individualâ⠂¬â„¢s right to acquire a weapon or gun (Pollock 375). Although similar instances had been witnessed throughout the 19th century, no particular amendments were intended with concern to the policy measures enacted in accordance to the Second Amendment. The Supreme Court of the US stated that the Second Amendment does not block the regulation of the State with regard to possess firearms. For instance, as per the United States v. Cruikshank, 92 U.S. 542, 553 (1875), it was ruled by the Court that the Second Amendment restricts the control and power of the federal government in delivering adequate

What Causes Market Inefficiency Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

What Causes Market Inefficiency - Assignment Example The following situation may lead the market mechanism in not leading to the most efficient output and market will fail. These situations can be classified under the following head: The examples of externalities are, suppose that a person is suffering from a contagious disease. He considers that by going to a doctor, his costs will be the fees paid to doctor and benefits will be the cure of the disease. However, he will not take into account the fact that if he does not go to the doctor, other people might catch the same disease. This will result in less-urgency for him to go to the doctor. This shows how ignorance of negative externalities can lead to over production or irrational response. Now, let’s look at the example of negative externality in the context of a business or economic decision. Suppose you want to buy a car. The main consideration for the purchase will be the cost of the car and possible benefits attained from the car. However, market mechanism will ignore the impact of car purchase on the environment and other parties such as pollution, road congestion and accidents. This ignorance may tempt you into purchasing the good and hence there will be an over-production of good due to negative

Sex and Marriage Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Sex and Marriage - Essay Example The essay "Sex and Marriage" demonstrates that the evidence from a significant subculture, the swingers, shows that the consensual physical infidelity, especially mutual, need not threaten the stability of marriage as long as respect, consideration, trust, and love remain. The popular notion is that if one engages in nonmonogamous sex outside the bounds of marriage one is being unfaithful to their partner. The assumption is that this is being done secretly without the consent or even knowledge of the partner. Hence, we have the term â€Å"cheating.† Under these circumstances, I would agree that it is an act of infidelity. I partly agree with the mainstream in the following respect. The person is being unfaithful not because of the nonmonogamous sex act per se, but because it is done secretly due to anticipated partner disapproval. Applying this definition of infidelity, any act, whether sexual or not, pursued secretly due to partner expected disapproval would be an unfaithful act since it is a breach of trust. But what if the partner is aware and agrees to participate jointly in monogamous sexual activity? I would submit there is no infidelity involved as there is no breach of trust. Although I would agree that Savage is stretching when he describes monogamous sex as a â€Å"need.† I would accept his view that it is a strong desire for many people. I concur with the notion that responsible nonmonogamy that is done safely with the knowledge and consent of the partner does not pose a threat to the institutions of marriage. and the family as claimed by mainstream culture. Swingers I base my argument on literature that shows that swingers have a lower divorce rate than the American population at large and also on my own personal observations of people in this significant subculture (Liberated Christians). Although swingers can include singles of both sexes, most are married or common law couples with children, ranging in age from 20s to 60s. They can be from all walks of life including the clergy. They tend to be middle and upper socioeconomic classes but, otherwise, are indistinguishable from the majority except for their open pursuit of non monogamous relationships. To me the chief characteristic separating swingers from non swingers is that the former draw a clear distinction between â€Å"sex† and â€Å"love†. My experience is that while group sex does indeed take place it is not as prevalent as non swingers believe nor it is the â€Å"be all and end all† of this lifestyle. While it is true that there is more emphasis on the physical erotic aspects of the sex act, this does not mean that friendship and affection are excluded. For example, while I can enjoy sex with a new partner, I do so even more with one I have gotten to know developed some feelings for. On the other hand, if I disliked my sexual partner I would not derive any pleasure having sex with her. Swingers have developed the theory of primary and secondary relationships to distinguish their relationships between their wife or long term partner and their â€Å"temporary† partners. If you are interested in a new partner but know that your

Pere Goriot Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Pere Goriot - Essay Example This novel shows how difficult it can be to maintain a loving relationship in the modern world. Through the character of Eugà ¨ne de Rastignac, it is possible to see that while love is achieved at points in this novel, it is no longer the traditional version of love. It is a new, modern version where certain faults and attitudes must be ignored in order to make things work. One such example of a character who cannot truly love another is Eugà ¨ne de Rastignac, who does not have any interest in the women he pursues, but it rather more interested in improving his position in society. This is shown by the fact that he abruptly halts his pursuit of Madame de Restaud and begins his pursuit of Madame de Nucingen simply because of who the latter’s father is. As the novel progresses, Rastignac does develop true feelings for Delphine. This, however, blinds him to her true character, as she is only involved with him for selfish intentions. He deceives himself into believing that she is not as bad as she seems, but it is clear that she is only involved with him for her own interests and, therefore, does not truly love him. While this relationship does eventually become sincere, it only becomes so because of Rastignac’s decision to ignore all of Delphine’s faults and to love her anyways. This makes the relationship seem somewhat forced, as Ra stignac has to make a decision to love this selfish person, rather than simply looking out for his own good. This could be viewed as a modern form of love, implying that the old love where people are perfect for one another no longer exists. Another character that is affected by Rastignac is Victorine. She is a young girl who falls for the first attractive man who shows interest in her, which is not true love, but is rather based on inexperience. Rastignac does not truly love her, but he leads her on in order to possibly marry her for her father’s money.

Executive summary Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Executive summary - Assignment Example The business would follow an incremental business expansion pattern, towards other areas such as Beverly Hills, Santa Monica, Venice, Inglewood, North Hollywood and Glendale, in the initial phase of expansion. Numerous franchise units would also be opened in these areas, as per the demand and sales forecast. To provide gluten-free breads and desserts of the highest quality, that can satisfy the customer’s taste buds at an affordable price. We are committed to respecting our employees, suppliers, vendors and customers alike, following a strict non - discrimination policy with a strong belief and motto to enhance the health and well being of our community as a whole. ‘Glutopia Gluten-free Desserts and Breads’ is an American enterprise, established to serve the gluten and lactose intolerant population of the nation, for customers of all age groups – young and elderly. The company aims to fill the current gap in the market and constantly innovate newer recipes that promise to enhance nutrition and taste at an attractive and affordable price. The company would be headquartered in Los Angeles and cater to three large cities in close proximity with an efficient logistics and supply chain system. The outlets would be situated in prime localities, with a young customer base. The enterprise would obtain all the necessary licenses and strive to meet the health standards of the regulatory bodies. It is widely acknowledged that proper planning and formal structuring of business processes leads to greater success in the service sector (Gottfridsson (2011). Thus, the entire Business Plan must comprehensively address all major departments, activities, processes and protocols, for the smooth functioning of the business. The company’s growth strategy would be to open franchise units in each of these cities in its initial phase of expansion. The target customer sectors would be individuals with health issues or religious concerns and

Web Services Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Web Services - Coursework Example Every operation in the TIDL interface contains additional parameters for transmission and reception of transactional data. A commit operation is either an ‘all’ or a ‘nothing’ affair. When a string of operations in a transaction fail to completed, a rollback must restore the system back to its pre-transaction state. To ensure rollback, a typical system logs every operation that takes place within the scope of a transaction, including the commit operation. A recovery or transaction manager uses these log records to redo or undo partly completed transactions when there is an exception scenario. When a transaction includes a number of distributed resources, for instance, a database server hosted on two different networks, the commit process will involve operations spanning two different systems. Here, each system will have its own log records and system manager. RPC is one of the first technologies to be used in the area of distributed computing. For an RPC call to be made, both the client and the server need to have stubs (client-side programs) for the remote service. The stubs are generated using Interface definition language (IDL). During an RPC, the arguments that the client sends across a network undergo marshalling and un-marshalling at the client and the server side respectively. The calls are synchronous. CORBA again is a technology used for objects to communicate in a distributed computing. The similarity between CORBA and RPC ends here because of the difference in the way CORBA works. In addition to a server and client, CORBA applications consist of an ORB (Object request broker). This ORB is responsible for mapping the client and server which will perform the request initiated by the client. The ORB marshals the arguments and routes the call over a network to the target objects ORB. The ORB has many more features such as objects look

Data Communications and Network Technologies Essay

Data Communications and Network Technologies - Essay Example By installing a switch or bridge to connect the devices, not only this distance limitation is removed, but also the collisions effect between two transmitting devices can be reduced. Therefore, the Cat 5 cabling can cover the devices scattered all around the manufacturing building. As the cabling has to go through rooms, and owing to the heavy machinery in the building, there would be a lot of electromagnetic interference. In this case, the unshielded Cat 5 twisted pair wiring would face a lot of erroneous transmissions. For that reason, shielded Cat 5 twisted pair cable is the better option. The building could be designed such that the building wiring might travel between rooms through plenums (e.g. space between suspended ceilings or hidden walkways) or risers (e.g. hollow metal tube running through walls, ceilings or floors). Cat 5 cables can run easily through both the plenums and risers of the building. Therefore, for the given scenario, the shielded twisted pair (Cat 5) cable provides a cost effective, reliable cabling solution that also considers the factors of required data transmission rate and

City of God Essay Example for Free

City of God Essay In The Prince, Niccolo Machiavelli cements his reputation as an Italian political theorist who, wicked as he may seem, believed that morality and ethics did not mix well with politics and the mechanisms of power. From this book rose the ever famous line, â€Å"The end justifies the means†, and true enough The Prince had embodied a way of thinking so revolutionary and controversial that for hundreds of years, it had remained the ultimate handbook for political control. This is illustrated very well in Chapter 17, where Machiavelli discusses cruelty and its importance to maintaining power. â€Å"Here the question arises: is it better to be loved than feared, or vice versa? I don’t doubt that every prince would like to be both; but since it is hard to accommodate these qualities, if you have to make a choice, to be feared is much safer than to be loved. † This quote easily became emblazoned in the reader’s minds partly because of its cruel approach, which however brutal it may seem, borders on reality and actual truth. In order to get hold of your subjects more, to keep them united and to keep them from revolting against you, Machiavelli relates that it is imperative to be punitive and exacting; to have them live in dread than to easily lose power by being mild and amiable. Fear then is necessary to be able to rule your subjects and keep them under your control. Machiavelli points out that the loyalty gained from fear is much more difficult to lose and therefore any ruler must strive to be feared. Such is the way of Machiavelli’s thinking and this quote becomes testament to his genius. His ideas, though wicked and malevolent, are worth to be considered by any one who desires to gain and control power for they stand out remarkably honest and brutally clever. Saint Augustine, being governed by his beliefs and principles, wrote in a way that he incorporates his vocation to convey and relate to the people what it is that God intends for society. In The City of God, Augustine’s work primarily takes this approach to express his ideas on the workings of an earthly city and how it is needed to be likened to the â€Å"city of God†. This work was primarily written to assuage the doubts and answer the criticisms of the people about the defeat of Rome, which was thought to be protected by God, and therefore, unlikely to fall. Moreover, Augustine heavily inclines his work towards the good and the belief of an omnipotent God and his offering of eternal happiness. In particular, Augustine stresses the importance of peace as an end goal, â€Å"Peace is such a great good that even with respect to earthly and mortal things, nothing is heard with greater pleasure nothing desired more longingly, and in the end, nothing better can be found† Augustine uses theology and the Christian doctrine to relate to the needs of his time and answer the questions that the circumstances had merited. He reiterates that attaining peace is the people’s ultimate purpose, be it heavenly peace or that maintained on earth. He addresses the difficulties that societies face and acknowledges that fact that it is necessary to create and maintain order and bring chaos to its end. Essentially, The City of God, as the quote has clearly embodied, becomes a sort of pacification to the troubles of the people, something Augustine does cleverly well. The City of God remains influential to those it had convinced to believe. Aristotle is arguably one of the famous philosophers who ever lived. As an early proponent of philosophy and critical thinking, his works had been based upon and studied countless times. His theories of state and political association are deemed basic and essential even as others have grown to reject and disprove them through time. One point he made when discussing about politics is the necessity for a man to not be isolated and completely independent of others. He relates, â€Å"The man who is isolated, who is unable to share in the benefits of political association, or has no need to share because he is already self-sufficient, is no part of the city, and must therefore be either a beast or god† In the creation of a polis or city-state, it is inevitable that men grow to need each other. Each individual member of a city is dependent on the other as well as on the entire association taken as a whole. Aristotle argues that a man cut off from society, being not part of it, is like a God with such great power, or an unworthy beast which has really no care at all. With this comes to mind the popular saying that, â€Å"No man is an island. † This stays true up to now and is one of the foundations of the principles of society. In building a state, the fundamental theory is important and highlighted that of its citizens being one with the state, growing and developing with it and them associating with each and every member of the state. From this, the concept of organization is emphasized and the primary building blocks of a state is laid out and achieved.

The Left Digit Effect in Pricing Strategy Essay Example for Free

The Left Digit Effect in Pricing Strategy Essay Have you ever come across price tags that have 9 endings? Have you ever bought those merchandise with 9 endings thinking that was the best deal and ended up with an enormous bill? Do you notice that the 9 endings are usually printed in a much smaller size than the digits on the left? This is a result of a psychological concept called â€Å"The Left Digit Effect† in which people tend to pay more attention to the left-most digits than the ones on the right. The idea has been widely used for decades for its great impact on consumers’ shopping behavior. Nine endings can easily be seen everywhere: stationeries of $1. 99, $4. 99 in bookstores, cars of $2,999, $5,999 in a dealership, real estates of $199,999, $299,999 on the market. It is interesting how such a small change can make a price tag seem significantly lower than another one of just one cent or one dollar higher, as well as greatly affect consumers’ decision. Even the smartest shoppers can fall for this little trick. For a lot of times I found myself wondering why I bought goods of the best prices but ended up with a large bill. Later I realized that I had fallen victim of the usage of the left digit effect in pricing strategy. However, it is fascinating to learn about how the application of such a simple effect turns out to have a great impact on people’s mind without their even being aware of it. The left digit effect can be simply defined as people’s paying disproportionate attention to the digits on the left compare to the ones on the right. This results from human’s instinct of reading from left to right. Another possible reason is that the encoding processes in human’s mind start before people even finish reading all of the digits. They tend to think fast in order to move on with other things, so they underestimate the importance of the right digits and make the digits on the left the magnitude. Taking advantage of that, companies and producers apply the effect in pricing strategy. That was the point when 9 endings were brought into the market. One reason to account for such a wonder that the 9 endings are doing to businesses is the difficulty of adding up odd numbers. People are more familiarized with the decimal number system which consists of 10 numbers. As a consequence, the appearance of 9 endings in prices is a great change in people’s ability to do the math. They make it much harder to control the total spending as people are used to dealing with round numbers. For example, it is obviously easier to add 300 and 200 than 299 and 199, as the first one is 500 and the second one is 498. When not being able to add up the prices, people are unaware of their total spending. Most of the times, consumers just ignore the 9 endings rather than do the proper rounding. Even though the cents are seen but they are partially ignored because the brain starts encoding information immediately after the left-most digits are read. A theory proposed by Keith Coulter – Associate Professor of Marketing at Graduate School of Management, Clark University – said that the effect can be enhanced provided the cents are printed in a smaller size than the dollar part, so the cents are more likely to be ignored or partially ignored by fast-thinking customers. A common viewpoint of the effect’s psychological impact is that the 9 endings lead consumers to believe that goods are marked at the lowest price possible and that it is the best deal out there. When they check out, that is when a concept called cognitive dissonance takes effect. In other words, when having to decide between two conflicting outcomes, people have a tendency to choose the one that makes them feel happier about their choice. Ending up with a huge bill, they often defend themselves that it’s worth the money and what they bought was a good bargain. Also, 9 endings play an important role when it comes to price bands. One cent or one dollar drop can make the price appear in the lower price bands and therefore be seen by more potential customers. For instance, an old car of $1,999 will still be placed in $1,000-$2,000 price band though it’s just a dollar to the next price band. As a result, it can be seen by customers who want cars in the $1,000-$2,000 range, besides the ones who want cars above $2,000. However, the left digit effect has been proved to only work if the left-most digit changes. In other words, consumers become more sensitive to price changes when the one cent drop results the left digit of the prices to change. To clarify the idea, in a small survey which I carried out in Southeast campus of Houston Community College with 21 students, when being asked to choose between two pens of $3 and $3. 99, the participants showed no clear preference over which one they like better. However, when the prices were changed to $4 and $3. 99, 17 out of 21 participants reported that they would choose the second pen because â€Å"it was cheaper†. Although there was a whole dollar difference compare to just one cent after the change in prices, the participants become more sensitive about how much money they spend when the left-most digit changes. When the brain quickly scans the prices, the same left digits will make one think that there is no significant difference between them although it was the right digits that determine the difference. However, if the left digits change, even though the right digits make them just one cent different, the brain automatically defines a big gap between the two prices and therefore lead people to choose the one whose left digit is lower. The research has provided me with an in-depth view of the psychological impact of the left digit effect in pricing strategy. Before conducting the project, all I thought of the 9 endings was that they would make prices seem lower and therefore more appealing to potential customers. However, after doing a deep research on the topic, I’ve learned a lot more than I thought I would. I’ve learned that the effect originates from human’s thought processes itself: the brain starts encoding the information immediately before we even finish reading all of the digits, and that the 9 endings don’t always work but need an important condition for them to take effect: the left digit changes as a result of the one cent or one dollar drop . It also amazed me how people’s decision and shopping behavior are influenced and determined by such a small effect without their being aware of it, and how the application of such a little thing can do wonder to businesses. The left digit effect itself is linked with other interesting psychological effects that trigger me to search for more knowledge. Rather than just a surface learning, I was able to go deep into the root of the issue and learn about its true nature. However, I think the most important thing that I was able to learn from doing this research is how to look at familiar things in a daily routine from a psychological viewpoint and analyze them through that viewpoint.

The Capital Structure choice of Pepsico

The Capital Structure choice of Pepsico The collection of securities that the firm issues to raise capital from investors is the firms capital structure. Equity and debt are the most commonly used securities by firms. The amount of debt determines the firms leverage. The firm should always use a capital structure which will maximize the total value of the securities issued. In order to determine the capital structure of a firm, It is also necessary to determine the different ratios such as net debt ratio, fixed coverage ratio, interest ratio, long term debt ratio, cash flow ratio, etc, to evaluate the effects of the ratios on the on the firm. These ratios are useful for comparing analyzing with other competitor firms. Ratios help the firm to determine their position in terms of the market value, book value, market capitalization, debt value, revenues, etc. The  Modigliani-Miller theorem states that, the firms value is unaffected by the way it is financed in the absence of taxes, bankruptcy costs and asymmetric information in a perfect market.  It does not matter if the firms capital is raised by issuing  stock  or by selling debt. It does not matter what the firms  dividend  policy is. Therefore, the Modigliani-Miller theorem is also often called the  capital structure irrelevance principle. We will look at this theory in detail in capital structure. In this report we look at the different theories (pecking order theory, trade-off theory, asset substitution theory, modigliani-miller theory) capital structure choice of PepsiCo by determining various ratios, comparing PepsiCo with its competitors. Analysis of the results and recommendations provided. INTRODUCTION Pepsi was originally named as Brads Drink, after its creator, Caleb Bradham, a pharmacist from New Bern, North Carolina. Pepsi was created in 1893 and was later renamed as Pepsi Cola in 1898. Pepsi contained the digestive enzymes pepsin and kola nuts used in manufacturing Pepsi. Bradham had thought about creating a drink for people that was delicious and would help in digestion and boost energy. PepsiCo Inc. is an American Multinational Corporation headquartered in New York. The company manufactures markets sells a range of salty sweet grain based snacks. It also produces carbonated non-carbonated beverages and other food products. PepsiCo has approximately 285,000 employees working in over 200 countries. Pepsi Cola Company began in 1898, but it only became known as PepsiCo when it merged with Frito Lays in 1965. Until 1997 it also owned KFC, Pizza Hut and Taco Bell. In 1998 2001 PepsiCo bought Tropicana Quaker Oats. In 2005 PepsiCo surpassed Coca-Cola Company in market value for the first time in 112 years since both companies began to compete. Over the years PepsiCo has become a global beverage, snack foods company. PepsiCo owns 5 different billion dollar brands such as Pepsi, Tropicana, Frito Lay, Quaker Oats Gatorade. PepsiCo also owns other brands such as Diet Pepsi, 7UP, Mirinda, Ruffles Potato Chips, Aquafina Bottled Water, Pepsi Max, Mountain Dew, etc. Indra Krishnamurthy Nooyi has been the chief executive of PepsiCo since 2006. PepsiCo delivered some solid financial performance in 2009, Its Net revenue grew by 5%, Core division operating profit grew by 6%, Core earnings per share grew by 6%, Management operating cash flow excluding certain items reached $5.6 billion up by 16%, Annual Dividend raised by 6%. PepsiCo estimated worldwide retail sales of $108 billion through all the products. In 2009 PepsiCos Net Revenue was $43,232 million, mixed net revenues of 37% from food products and 63% from beverages. Net Revenues generated according to operations in US and outside US are 52% in US and 48% outside US. Net Revenues generated through PepsiCo and its subsidiary companies are 48% by PepsiCo Americas Foods, 23% by PepsiCo Americas Beverages, 29% by PepsiCo International. 2.1 PepsiCos Strategies for driving growth Expand the Global Leadership Position of Snacks Business Ensure sustainable profitable growth in global beverages. Continue to deliver environmental sustainability goals and commitments. Cherish associates and develop the leadership to sustain growth. 2.2 PepsiCos Competitive Advantage Strengths PepsiCos competitive advantage lies in their talented, dedicated and hard working work-force, that work on its huge brands, innovating producing differentiated products, using excellent marketing methodologies. PepsiCo also uses cost saving initiatives in operations. All these factors help them to sustain a competitive advantage in the market. PepsiCos strength lies in its brand name recognized all over the world, huge range of food and beverage products, marketing style in different regions according to the place culture segmentation, and huge marketing budget. CAPITAL STRUCTURE The most fundamental question of corporate finance is how a firm should raise capital from investors. A firm must determine the type of security it will issue to the investors. Capital structure refers to the way a firm finances its assets through some combination of equity, debt, or other securities. There are different theories to determine the capital structure of the company. (3.1) Pecking Order Theory (developed by Stewart Myers, 1984) states that the firms have a preferred structure for financing; the factor with a high preference uses internal financing such as retained earnings before opting for any external financing. External financing uses debts, convertible securities, preferred stock common stock. So the firm first uses its retained earnings for operations or investments or expansions and then if required they can opt for external financial resources. (3.2) Trade-Off Theory states that the firms are financed partly with equity and partly with debt. Debt financing is preferred here due to the tax benefits of debt. Debt financing also bears bankruptcy and non-bankruptcy costs. Further according to the theory marginal cost of the debts increases as the debt increases and marginal benefits decline as the debt decreases. (3.3) Agency Cost Theory states that there are 3 different agency costs related to a firms capital structure, they are asset substitution, cash flow underinvestment. Asset Substitution states that as the debt to equity ratio increases the firm gets more freedom to invest in new projects, this leads to the decline in the value of the firm which results into wealth being transferred from debt holders to shareholders. Underinvestment problems occur when debt appears to be more risky, in this scenario of the firm the returns from the investment in projects will be directed towards the debt holders rather than the shareholders. This may lead to the firm declining to start any new projects, and there is a potential to increase the firms value. Free Cash Flow states that free cash flow is also a problem for the firm if the cash is not returned to the investors. Doing so will disrupt the value of the firm. (3.4) Modigliani-Miller Theory (developed by Merton Miller Franco Modigliani) states that it is assumed that there are no transaction costs, no taxes and there is a perfect market condition. They also stated that the value of a firm is determined by adding up all the debts and equity of the firm. This can be viewed through an example Firm A Firm B Debt value 0 2,500,000 Interest on debt 0 5% Expenses on debt 0 125,000 Share 1,000,000 500,000 Price per share 5 5 Market value of equity 5,000,000 2,500,000 From the above table we can see the market value of Firm A is 5million (only equity), Firm A is only financed by shares, therefore the value of Firm A is 5million. Market value of Firm B is 5million (equity + debt), 50% financed by shares and 50% by debt, but Firm B has to pay interest on the debts which is 5% of the debt value which is 125,000. Therefore the returns on equity for Firm B will be its earnings minus the value of interest on debts. Returns per share for Firm B will be returns on equity divided by earnings. If Firm B would have sold its stock at a premium rate then it could have made arbitrage profits. Modigliani Miller theory states that the value of a firm in a perfect market is not affected by the way the company is financed but it is affected through the sort of capital structure the firm utilizes. PEPSICOS NET DEBT RATIO Debt ratio that indicates the proportion of debt a company has relative to its assets. The measure gives an idea to the leverage of the company along with the potential  risks  the company faces in terms of its debts. If debt ratio is higher than 1 then the firm has more debt than assets, if debt ratio is less than 1 then the firm has more assets than debts. The formula for calculating debt ratio is, Debt Ratio = total debt / total assets. Debt Ratio helps to measure the risk a bank or financial institution will take if they are financing a firm. Net Debt is the measure of a firms overall debt by taking the net value of debts and cash. Net Debt is calculated as, Net Debt = (long term debt + short term debt) cash cash equivalents. According to PepsiCo, they measure net debt ratio on market-value basis where net debt equals total debt. PepsiCos Net Debt Ratio (L*) = (D + PVOL CMS) / (NP + D + PVOL CMS). D is the market value of total debt (long term debt plus short term debt), PVOL is the present value of operating leases, CMS is the cash marketable securities, N is the number of common shares, P is the common stock price. From the assignment referring to exhibit 2 exhibit 4, all values in millions dollars except for the common stock price, D = 9215, PVOL = 479 * 5 = 2395, CMS = 1498 and reduce it by 25% for remitting to US therefore CMS = 1123.5, N = 788, P = 55.875. L *= [(9215+2395) 1123.5] / [((788*55.875)+9215+2395) 1123.5] L* = 19.2 % (PepsiCos Net Debt Ratio is 19.2%). Now to analyze this we can ask some questions as how much debt really exists? If we consider exhibit 2 in the assignment there are other factors like accounts payable, short term debt other current liabilities which constitute of total current liabilities plus long term debt other liabilities, all this together shows that the total liabilities are 18,119million dollars, which is a bit high according to the market situation. That is why this shows the Moodys rating of PepsiCo is A1/A. PepsiCo will have to reduce their liabilities in order to gain a rating of Aa3/AA of Coca-Cola. What kind of debt is it, long term or short term? Firstly let us talk about short term debt, if we talk about short term debts then we can assume it can be included in current debts, so according to the balance sheet in exhibit 2, total current liability is 5230million dollars, while total long term liability is 12889million dollars, so the total long term debt is very high compared to total current liabilities. PepsiCo will have to reduce its long term debts more effectively in order to increase its ratings and also increase its assets. Can the company afford the debts if  it runs into financial trouble? Let us calculate the debt ratio as explained above in the beginning, Debt ratio = total debt / total assets (both values are in million dollars) = 18119 / 25432 = 0.71. If the debt ratio is less than 1 it means that the firm has more assets than debts. So PepsiCo can afford to be debt financed at a certain level. Looking at the current assets if the company runs into financial trouble then it can clear all its debts by selling off its assets. RATIO COMPARISON ANALYSIS Table of calculated ratios referring to values given in exhibit 5 in assignment, RATIOS PEPSICO CADBURY SCHWEPPES COCA COLA COCA COLA ENTERPRISES MCDONALDS INTEREST COVERAGE 4.565 4.896 16.911 1.444 7.379 FIXED CHARGE COVERAGE 3.094 4.287 16.911 1.406 3.588 LONG-TERM DEBT 0.165 0.090 0.011 0.517 0.112 TOTAL DEBT TO TOTAL ADJUSTED CAPITALIZATION 0.176 0.146 0.016 0.521 0.125 CASH FLOW TO LONG TERM DEBT 0.427 0.569 2.730 0.155 0.539 CASH FLOW TO TOTAL DEBT 0.395 0.330 1.839 0.153 0.474 Lets look at each ratio one by one in detail and analyze it. (5.1) Interest coverage ratio is used to calculate the firms ability to pay interest on the debts. If the ratio is low the firm has huge debt expenses. If the ratio is less than 1 then it means that the firm is unable to generate revenues to incur the interest expenses. Interest coverage ratio = earnings before interest and taxes (EBIT) / interest expense. According to the table above, we can see that interest coverage ratio of PepsiCo is 4.565 which is very higher than 1 and is considered as good. Comparing it with other companies in the table, we can see that Coco Cola has the highest ratio of 16.911 which is very impressive, but Coca Cola Enterprises has a ratio of 1.44 which is a caution alarm for its investors. To be on a safer side if the ratio is 1.5 or less then firms ability to meet its interest expenses can be questionable i.e. the is not able to generate sufficient returns to meet the interest expenses. (5.2) Fixed charge coverage ratio is used to calculate the firms ability to pay its fixed-charges such as rent and interest on debt without increasing the debts. If the ratio is less than 1 then the firm is not able to pay its fixed charges and vice versa. Fixed-charge coverage ratio = (EBIT  + fixed charges before tax) / (fixed charged before tax +  interest). According to the table above, we can see that PepsiCos fixed charge coverage ratio is 3.094 which is greater than 1. Comparing it with other companies in the table, Coca Cola has the highest ratio of 16.911 which is very impressive, but for Coca Cola Enterprises is 1.406 which is very less. PepsiCo should decrease its debts in order to reduce its fixed charges which will help to increase the value of the ratio. (5.3) Long term debt ratio is used to calculate the firms leverage. Higher the ratio, higher is the firms leverage. Firm with a high ratio is considered more risky for investors to invest because they have more liabilities than equity and vice versa. Long term debt ratio = long term debt / (long term debt + preferred stock + common stock). According to the table above, PepsiCos long term debt ratio is 0.165 which is less. Comparing to other companies in the table, Coca cola has a ratio of 0.011 which shows that it has more equity than liability, but Coca Cola Enterprises has a ratio of 0.517 which shows that it has almost 50% equity and 50% liability, so investing in Coca Cola Enterprises is more risky. (5.4) Total debt to total adjusted capitalisation ratio is used to calculate the firms leverage which includes long term and short term debts. Total debt to total adjusted capitalisation ratio = (long-term debt + short term debt) / [(long-term debt + short term debt) + preferred stock + common stock]. According to the table above, PepsiCos total debt to total adjusted capitalisation ratio is 0.176. Comparing to other companies in the table, Coca Cola has a ratio of 0.016 which shows it has more equity than liability, but Coco Cola Enterprises has a ratio of 0.521 which is again very risky. (5.5) Ratio of cash flow to long term debt is used to calculate the firms ability to generate cash in comparison with the long term debts. Ratio of cash flow to long term debt = cash flow / long term debt. According to the table above, PepsiCos ratio of cash flow to long term debt is 0.427 which is not good enough. Comparing it with other companies, Coca Colas ratio of cash flow to long term debt is 2.730, which is very impressive. PepsiCo has more long term debts than its annual cash flow while Coca Colas annual cash flow is 3 times the value of its long term debt. Firms with a high cash flow after interest and taxes are in a better position to distribute cash dividends. Firm with high cash flow can also use the cash to invest in other projects, buy assets, reduce debts etc. (5.6) Ratio of cash flow to total debt is used to calculate the firms ability to generate cash in comparison with its total debts. Ratio of cash flow to total debt = cash flow / total debt. According to the table above, PepsiCos ratio of cash flow to total debt is 0.395. Comparing it with other companies, Coca Colas ratio of cash flow to total debt is 1.839 which is very good. PepsiCos total debt is more than twice the value of its annual cash flow while Coca Colas annual cash flow is 2 times the value of its total debt. After considering all the ratios in the table, we can say that PepsiCo needs to reduce its debts by a huge margin and generate more cash so that it can use this cash to pay out more dividends to its investors, increase equity and reduce liability, invest in more products, buy assets, etc. Coca Cola is the largest competitor of PepsiCo, so PepsiCo needs to improve its equity in order to compete more effectively with Coca Cola. If company has less debts and liabilities people will invest more which will provide PepsiCo with a good rating as Coca Cola. PepsiCo can easily borrow money from the market for investments and also it can easily pay it back. Even in financial or economic crisis it will be the least affected company. Capital structure of PepsiCo has debt and equity. According to the net debt ratio we can say PepsiCo has about 20% 25% debt and 75% 80% equity. PEPSICOS RATING OBJECTIVE Ratings are given to companies depending on various factors such as its debt value, equity value, sources of finance, stock price, number of shares, profits, dividends, etc. Moody rated A as upper-medium grade, subject to low credit risk,  but that have elements present that suggest a susceptibility to impairment over the long term. PepsiCo has a rating of A1/A which places it in the upper medium grade category. A1 is the high quality rating given to PepsiCo, Aaa is the highest rating available. Coca Colas rating is Aa3/AA shows that it has much better ratings then PepsiCo. If PepsiCo wants to have a net debt ratio of 20% 25% then it will have to increase its debts and reduce equity, if this happens the Corporate Debt Rating of PepsiCo might fall to Baa which is lower medium grade. This will show a bad image of the company in the market, investors will find it risky to invest in PepsiCo. This means people will not buy shares of PepsiCo and it will not be able to raise funds through the issue of share to decrease its debts or to invest in the business. As a result of which they will have to borrow from the banks, Banks would also lend them funds to a certain limit where their assets are equal to liabilities, Banks would like to make sure that PepsiCo are able to pay back the funds with interest before lending them the funds. PepsiCo should reduce their net debt ratio to at least 15% instead of increasing it, due to this they will have more cash flow, reduced debts, can easily pay back dividends to investors, they can easily raise funds through issue of shares instead of borrowing from banks or other financial institutions. This will overall help PepsiCo to increase its ratings from A to Aa. CONCLUSION

The Economics Of The Clean Air Act Essay -- Impact of Clean Air Act on

"The health effects of air pollution imperil human lives. This fact is well-documented." -- Eddie Bernice Johnson Air is a part of all of our lives. Without clean air, nothing we know of can exist. The debate over clean air, it's regulations, their teammates and opposition, and the economic factors coming into play into this ever-more recognizable problem is a widespread and ever more controversial one. Like a long countdown to eventual disaster, the pollution effecting our world has no doubt made increasingly more impact on our daily lives, and has increased the intensity on Washington and other countries to solve the problem. The Clean Air act is a step in the right direction, but with every answer there comes two questions and likewise more and more people taking sides. There have been long debates not over the effectiveness of such regulations, but the lack of opportunity such regulations and deregulations provide for other companies. Global warming has increased the tension over the economics of cleaner air, but with little the government can do to limit the use of cars, the production of necessary coal-fired power plants and other such human resources, the topic just turns into another fog for debate and argument over stricter regulations and the impeached right these sources have to operate. The continual power struggle of such economic and social issues and the debate over the effectiveness of stricter, present or more lenient regulations has turned into a smorgasboard of prectical solutions, with opponents quickly changing minds and becoming supporters and vice-versa. The expenditure of about 20 billion on the part of companies since 1990 to clean up such hazardous pollutants as cars, factories, and thousands of other measures have reaped about 400 billion in saved hospital costs, lost workdays, reduced productivity, and other conditions while at the same time theoretically helping to reduce smog and pollution. The findings of a report on experiments done for the Clean Air act was passed into law in 1970. The Enviornmental Protection Agency has recently come under attack by critics however, and Washington has threatened to cut the agencies' budget citing high costs of enviornmental legislation, even while their is solid proof that the agencies' measures are paying off. Congress is skeptical of reports that the wh... ...economic, political, and diplomatic challenges. Many developing nations such as China are dependent on coal-generated power to drive their economic growth over the next several decades. U.S. utilities uses coal to produce more than half of the nation's electricity. Plentiful U.S. coal supplies have also meant power for many U.S. companies where coal is plentiful. Air and water are concrete parts of all of our lives. With the destruction and continual pollution being pumped into our ecosystem, who knows how long it will be before the whole world is contaminated to the point where we can no longer live in it. The bureaucrats in Washington don't have all the answers, neither do the unions, or the big corporations. The idea and impact of pollution is like a time-bomb waiting to explode, and the end draws nearer and nearer. We cannot look back on our world after we have destroyed it and comment on things we should have done differently. Sources Consulted http://www2.epa.gov/laws-regulations/summary-clean-air-act http://www.cleanairtrust.org/cleanairact.html http://www.cleanairtrust.org/nepa2cercla.html http://www.c2es.org/federal/courts/clean-air-act-cases

Adolf Hitler :: Biographies Biographical Essays

Adolf Hitler 1.The Beginning At half past six on the evening of April 20th, 1889 a child was born in the small town of Branau, Austria. The name of the child was Adolf Hitler. He was the son a Customs official Alois Hitler, and his third wife Klara. As a young boy Adolf attendated church regulary and sang in the local choir. One day he carved a symbol into the bench which resembled the Swastika he later used as the symbol of the Nazi party. He was a pretty good student. He received good marks in most of his classes. However in his last year of school he failed German and Mathematics, and only succeeded in Gym and Drawing. He drooped out of school at the age of 16, spending a total of 10 years in school. From childhood one it was his dream to become an artist or architect. He was not a bad artist, as his surviving paintings and drawings show but he never showed any originality or creative imagination. To fullfil his dream he had moved to Vienna the capital of Austria where the Academy of arts was located. He failed the first time he tried to get admission and in the next year, 1907 he tried again and was very sure of success. To his surprise he failed again. In fact the Dean of the academy was not very impressed with his performance, and gave him a really hard time and said to him "You will never be painter." The rejection really crushed him as he now reached a dead end. He could not apply to the school of architecture as he had no high-school diploma. During the next 35 years of his live the young man never forgot the rejection he received in the dean's office that day. Many Historians like to speculate what would have happened IF.... perhaps the small town boy would have had a bit more talent....or IF the Dean had been a little less critical, the world might have been spared the nightmare into which this boy was eventually to plunge it. 2.World War 1 While living in Vienna Hitler he made his living by drawing small pictures of famous landmarks which he sold as post cards. But he was always poor. He was also a regular reader of a small paper which claimed that the Araban race was superior to all and was destined to rule the world.

La Migración Transmundial :: Spanish Essays

La Migracià ³n Transmundial Tres factores contribuyen para que la gente se migren de su paà ­s de origen para vivir siempre en otro lugar: los hechos de imperios, la fà © religiosa, y el buscar de oportunidades econà ³micas. No se requiere siempre que la gente se queden en el lugar nuevo, pero la historia nos enseà ±a que habà ­a pocas otras razones. A veces un imperio compela un pueblo que se migre a otro lugar para que no haya tanto peligro de rebelià ³n. Por ejemplo, en el siglo VII a. C., el imperio Assyrio echà ³ a los Israelitas y los trayà ³ a un lugar desconocido. No hay nadie que sepa a donde fueron las 10 tribus, pero probablamente son los antepasados de un pueblo en Iraq, Iran o Afghanistan. Despuà ©s, en el siglo XX d. C, el gobierno socialista de Rusia mudà ³ a millones de persones para que vivieran en el sistema GULAG o para trabajar en obras pà ºblicas en los desiertos de Asia central y Asia del norte. Despuà ©s de una generacià ³n, la gente migrada se consideraba à ©stos lugares como sus propias ciudades. Ésta razà ³n caracteriza bien la esclavitud de los africanos en America tambià ©n, porque los imperios europeos quieren dominar los dos continentos. Està ¡n recordadas veces cuando un pueblo se migrà ³ para mantener su abilidad de practicar una religià ³n, o para congregarse con otros quienes practicaban la misma. Las primeras instancias eran acompaà ±adas por guerras, pero los cinco siglos pasados, los medios de transporte no estaban tan caros y mà ¡s grupos se migraban con paz. Por ejemplo, tengo mà ¡s de veinte antepasados que se migraron de Inglaterra a Utah para "edificar Sià ³n", o para congregarse con los otros Santos de los Últimos Dà ­as. Tambià ©n tengo antepasados Judà ­os. Un aà ±o eran expulsados de Polonia a Alemania, y veinte aà ±os despuà ©s, eran expulsados de Alemania a Polonia. Por varios razones muchos Judeos se han migrado a à ©ste paà ­s. En este siglo tambià ©n habà ­an empezado a volver a Israel para congregarse. Las fà ¡bricas en los primeros aà ±os despuà ©s de la revolucià ³n industrial necesitaban muchos obreros, como tambià ©n requieren las obras pà ºblicas de una sociedad en desarollo. La biblia dice que los primeros Israelitas vivà ­an en la llanta de Gosà ©n, edificando los pirà ¡mides egà ­ptos.

Children with special educational needs Essay

The home environment and lifestyle of a child can be influenced from as early as conception. In pregnancy if a mother chooses to drink alcohol they run the risk of alcohol crossing the placenta, which can lead to foetal alcohol syndrome. This condition affects foetal growth and causes delayed development, learning difficulties and congenital abnormalities. In addition there is a risk of miscarriage. Furthermore, increasing hours of work pressured upon parents from their place of work can lead to bad eating habits, for example, fast food takeaways giving children snacks, fizzy drinks, sweets and crisps, which in-turn could lead to obesity and all the health problems that are associated with obesity, such as diabetes and osteo-arthritis. Moreover they could be the subject of bullying at school. The child may become socially excluded because of their size; they may feel depressed and withdrawn hindering their learning potential. Gender influences: Children are aware of their gender identity. Read more: Explain how children and young people’s development is influenced by a range of external factors essay Research indicates: â€Å"By the age of 21/2 years, children think girls prefer to play with dolls and engage in domestic activities with mum, while boys prefer to play with cars or construction toys and helping dad. † (www. geocities/gender. edu. ) Gender stereotyping is damaging to children’s social development and their personality as it damages their self-image, in addition too the identity of girls because it can affect their confidence and lower their self-esteem. Boys too can be limited by gender stereotypes by being forced to behave tough or less caring, in order to conform and by accepted by others. This can be overcome by early year’s practitioners providing role-play opportunities including dressing-up clothes, which allow children to explore different roles. Furthermore, books and games should be avoided, which demonstrate gender stereotyping. Special Educational Needs: The range of special educational needs, (SEN) is vast and the starting point for looking if a child may have a learning difficulty can be seen through their level of academic attainment. Learning difficulties can be described as moderate, severe or profound and multiple. They can range from a mild hearing impairment, to a severe impairment, for example, Cerebral palsy. This condition affects the part of the brain that controls movement. This may cause disability of all four limbs. Children with this condition may have motor problems, visual and hearing impairments, in addition to speech and perceptual difficulties. Dyspraxia is referred to as, â€Å"Clumsy child Syndrome† in this condition the child has difficulty with physical movement, language development may be delayed. In addition learning difficulties can occur where fine or gross motor skills are needed. Dyslexia is a condition where the child has difficulty with words and learning to read, spell and write. This could cause the child to have low self- esteem and become frustrated, or even disruptive. These examples are just a few of the conditions that may have an impact on a child’s ability to learn and develop to their full potential. It is just as important recognising the child has SEN, as to meeting their needs to help them achieve. Communication is of paramount importance, in addition to remembering to put the needs of the child first and then the disability. In conclusion it can be shown that a child’s learning and development can be affected by many factors, throughout the human life-span. This is why it is imperative that these factors are highlighted to early year’s professionals, so they can recognise and act upon them in the child’s best interests, to promote their well being and education. REFERENCES: Alcott, M. (2002) Children with special educational needs, 2nd edition, Hodder & Stoughton, London. Haralambos, Rice, D. (2002) Psychology in Focus A level, Causeway, Lancs  www.geocities.com

Force and Movie Batman Leaps

Superheroes have been around for a time now, since 1934 starting with Mandrake the Magician made by Lee Falk, and then came Superman made by Joe Shuster and Jerry Siegel. But how do superheroes do what they do? They play mind tricks, can lift up incredible amounts of weight and do stuff no regular human can do. In this paper I’m writing you will see how superheroes violate Newton’s 3 laws of motion. First let’s talk about batman and the movie that just came out called the dark night rises.In this movie batman leaps from a building for 4 to 5 seconds before opening his wings neglecting significant air resistance (this affect Newton’s 3rd law). Scientists found out that all that force applied exert about 1600 pounds of force to his arms. Not even the worlds strongest man can lift that much!! Next we talk about spider-man and his trickery. In his the movie spider-man 3 is basically immortal, never dying person.For example In a climatic battle scene spider man fall 80 stories and survives without breaking a bone, concussion, or presumably any internal bleeding. Lets use Newton’s second law to calculate (Fnet=ma) how much force the ground exerts on spider-man upon impact. After calculation we see that the weight of that fall is 47 tons. Wow if that any one else they would have die. Lastly we talk about the science of star trek (Kirk’s magic fingers). In the trailer we see that James T.Kirk is driving a car which is going about 80 mph (36 m/s). the car seems to be about 30 meters from edge when it starts skidding through dirt and sand. Newton second law says Fnet = Ffriction = Â µmg = ma where the acceleration of the car is completely due to the friction force. M is the mass of the car, g is equal to the acceleration due to gravity (9. 8m/s2) , Â µ is the coefficient of sliding friction between sand and tires (0. 5 at most), and a is the acceleration of the car.Solving for a we get: a = Â µg = (0. 5)(9. 8m/s2) = 4. 9 m/s2I f we assume a relatively constant acceleration then a = (v2 – v02)/2x Where v0 = 36m/s, a = – 4. 9 m/s2 and x = 30 m. Solving for v we find that the car goes over the cliff at a speed v = 32 m/s. so we figure out that Kirk fingers can hold 877 pounds. Someone knows how to work their fingers. So now you see what happens behind the scenes . So the next you see a movie don’t believe you see.

Introduction to Tourism Destination Planning & Development Essay

Tourism provides a major economic development opportunity for many countries and a means of improving the livelihoods of its residents. Both the public and private sectors involved in tourism depend on planning to achieve sustainable tourism development that respects the local community, creates appropriate employment, maintains the natural environment, and delivers a quality visitor experience. Tourism destinations that pursue development without proper planning would face several negative impacts upon the community and host region, such as the erosion of the region’s cultural identity as well as the destruction of landscapes. Malaysia is situated in Southeast Asia and consists of 13 states and 3 federal territories, separated by the South China Sea. 11 of Malaysia’s states are located in Peninsular Malaysia and 2 in east Malaysia, situated on the island of Borneo. The capital city of Malaysia is Kuala Lumpur, while Putrajaya is the seat of the federal government and I skandar is known as the administrative center. Tourism is Malaysia’s second largest foreign exchange earner, with a total number of 1,817,061 tourist arrivals in January 2012 alone and 9,438,592 in the following five months[], nearly a hundred thousand more than in the first five months of 2011. Malaysia’s Minister of Tourism, Dato’ Seri Dr. Ng Yen Yen has stated that total receipts from tourism in this period was RM 21.8 billion[] and according to the National Key Economic Area annual report in 2011, the tourism industry is projected to provide and incremental contribution of RM 66.7 billion to the country’s National Gross Income. All these show the very rapid growth of Malaysia’s tourism sector. Moreover, the tourism industry in Malaysia has also been noted to have provided a number of 1.2 million jobs in the country, helping boost the economic and socio-economic development of Malaysia; whether directly or indirectly, tourism has helped generate employment in industries such as agriculture, handicraft, hotel, transport and arts and culture[], while simultaneously conserving aspects of history, culture, heritage and environment of the country. Malaysia’s attractiveness as a tourist destination can be largely contributed by the fact that, in line with its international tagline ‘Malaysia, Truly Asia’, it is a colourful hotpot of cultural diversity. Malaysia’s community consists of not only Malays, Chinese and Indians, but also a number of ethnic people such as the Kadazandusun and Iban in Sabah and Sarawak, as well as the Selatar clan in Johor. With its multi-cultural heritage and ‘exotic’ traditions, food and festivals, many tourists are drawn to visit the country every year. In addition, Malaysia also has the advantage of having a warm, tropical climate all year long, something which many Western travellers look forward to enjoying, as well as having the advantage of being free of major natural disasters such as volcanoes or earthquakes. Malaysia is also proud to have UNESCO-listed World Heritage Sites to its name, primarily the Gunung Mulu Geo-Park in Sarawak[], and the historical sites of Malacca[], with Mulu attracting 15000 tourists annually[] while Malacca welcomed more than four million between January and April this year[]. Recently, it has been revealed that the tourism industry was allocated an RM358 million under Budget 2013 in conjunction with Visit Malaysia Year 2013/2014, in order to reach a target of 26.8 million arrivals for the coming year[]. The Government will also review domestic policies and regulations regarding foreign equity restrictions and limits on employment of foreign talent, as well as rules governing recognition of international qualifications, requirements for commercial presence, composition of board of directors, and residency for expatriates[] in order to assist in liberalising the services sector to reach its full potential in Malaysia. Successful implementation of tourism destination development involves a lot of planning, in terms of the assessment of available resources at the destination, marketing strategies to be undertaken, economic and financial analysis as well as an analysis of the market, the environment and also the social impacts of the development. In this assignment, I will attempt to measure the planning process and effects of it in regards to the state of Pahang in Malaysia. Introduction- Pahang Pahang is the third largest state in Malaysia and is bordered to the north by Kelantan, to the west by Perak, Selangor and Negeri Sembilan, to the south by Johor and to the east by Terengganu and by the South China Sea. Its state capital is Kuantan, and the royal town is Pekan. Approximately 1.5 million people reside in Pahang to date and the ethnic composition is roughly 1,000,000 Malay and Bumiputera, 233,000 Chinese, 68,500 Indians, 13,700 others, while the rest are non-citizens. Geographically diverse, Pahang ranges from mountainous country in its west to one of the longest coastline in the east of Peninsula Malaysia[]. There has been evidence found that indicates the earliest habitation of Pahang leads back all the way to the Mesolithic Era. Once famous for the deposits of tin and gold found along the upper reaches of the Tembeling River, Pahang had attracted the interest of outside powers long before the founding of Malacca in 1400. Under the control of the maritime empire of Srivijaya, Pahang had expanded to cover the entire southern portion of the Malay Peninsula in the 8th and 9th Centuries. With the collapse of Srivijaya power around 1000, Pahang was claimed first by the Siamese and then, in the late fifteenth century, by Malacca. After Malacca fell to the Portuguese in 1511, Pahang became a key part of the territorial struggles between Acheh, Johor, the Portuguese, and the Dutch. Repeated raids, invasions, and occupations devastated the state, until the decline of both Achenese and Portuguese power in the early 17th century allowed Johor to re-establish its influence on the much fought-over state. In the late eighteenth century, Pahang gradually gained autonomy, and in the middle of the nineteenth century it had become an independent state[]. The name ‘Pahang’ has been said to originate from the language of a Siamese ethnic tribe, meaning ‘ore’. The tribe once live there and opened up several mining areas, especially in Sungai Lembing. According to an old Malay story, at the place near the Pahang River, on the opposite side of Kampung Kembahang, a large ‘mahang’ tree fell across the river, thus the name ‘Pahang’ originated. The old name of Pahang is Inderapura[]. Two thirds of this huge state is covered in forest, thus Pahang’s population is dependent mainly on agriculture and natural resources. There is extensive palm oil, cocoa and rubber cultivation. Due to its long coastline, fishing and tourism related activities are prominent in Pahang and there are some small-scale manufacturing and cottage industries which residents are also dependant on[]. The tourism mission of Pahang is: Promoting Pahang as a Major Tourism Destination based on cultural heritage and natural resources for the socio-economic development of the state.[] Resources of Pahang The Arabic honorific of Pahang is Darul Makmur (â€Å"Abode of Tranquility†), an apt description of the state, with its lush tropical forests, cool mountain air, beaches, lakes and waterfalls nestling in the arms of mountain crevices. Pahang is truly a wild land with a picturesque and ethereal natural beauty beyond comparison. However, Pahang has more than that and its resources can be roughly categorized into different classes; natural resources, cultural resources, and manmade resources. Natural Resources of Pahang True to its fame, Pahang is home to many beautiful and breathtaking natural sites and wonders. It is home to unexplored rainforests, carefully preserved wildlife habitats, undisturbed ecological sites and raging, wild rivers and waterfalls. 1. Taman Negara The natural heart of Pahang is unquestionably Taman Negara, Malaysia’s oldest national park, lovingly referred to as â€Å"The Green Heart†. Gazetted as a National Park in 1938, Taman Negara is Malaysia’s largest and oldest natural park, with over 4000 km2 of wild, virgin rainforest. Although it also spans across the states of Terengganu and Kelantan, its largest protrusion is into Pahang. It is carefully conserved and protected due to its status as one of the last remaining frontiers of pristine rainforest, not only in Malaysia, but in the world. Taman Negara has a wide variety of flora and fauna, like the long-tailed macaques and rare Sumatran rhinos, as well as over 250 species of flora. One of the most frequented tourist attractions at Taman Negara is the Canopy Walkway, a suspension bridge of strong ropes, cables, net and wood that hangs 40 metres above the ground from which tourists are able to appreciate the park’s natural beauty without disturbing its resident wildlife. There are also several limestone hills in Taman Negara that have stayed undisturbed since several hundred millions of years ago. Some of the popular caves are Gua Telinga, Gua Kepayang, Gua Daun Menaru and Gua Luas. Visitors also have the chance to take a 40 minute boat trip up the Tahan River to the Lata Berkoh Waterfall, where they can get the invigorating experience of swimming in the cool waters of the deep pool beneath the fall. Adventure-seeking tourists are also able to shoot up the 7 rapids of the Tembeling River, which takes about 5 minutes as it is a 9km ride. With the help of a hired guide, visitors can also go jungle trekking to experience Taman Negara up close along well-marked trails like the Tahang, Terenggan and Neram Trail.   As Taman Negara is so meticulously guarded, tourists need to obtain certain permits or licenses in order to gain access to the park. These licenses differ depending on the tourist’s particular intention and can be applied for at any Department of Wildlife counters located at the Kuala Tembeling Jetty or Kuala Tahan. The permits and respective fares are listed in the following table.

10 Mary St

Peter Skrzynecki’s 10 Mary Street is a poem portraying a family’s process of integrating into the Australian community. The concept of belonging is explored, particularly belonging within the family and culture, and through this, Skrzynecki exemplifies the importance of establishing connections to attain the security and stability essential to people’s lives. Skrzynecki establishes the notion of belonging within the family through his portrayal of the family routine and the nurturing nature of the parents.The family’s daily routine is described as â€Å"like a well-oiled lock† and emphasised through the use of enjambment. The simile suggests a functional family comfortable and established in their nineteen-year settlement in the community. The nurturing nature of the parents is characterised by the â€Å"tended roses and camellias/ Like adopted children. This simile suggests that the garden is personified as family member and indicates the tenderne ss of the parents. The poem’s persona is rather thoughtless in his treatment of the garden, highlighted by his ravages â€Å"like a hungry bird†.The notion of cultural belonging is portrayed through the image of the house and its memories. The house symbolises the cultural identity of the family and the personification of â€Å"its china-blue coat†¦Ã¢â‚¬  suggests the family’s pride in maintaining their home, similar to caring for a family member. The memories are described as â€Å"heated discussions/ And embracing gestures/†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . This use of sensory imagery and cultural allusions â€Å"Kielbasa, salt herrings,†¦Ã¢â‚¬  suggests the cultural connections kept by the family despite immigrating to Australia.These connections are undermined by the demolition of the house, described as â€Å"inheritors of a key/ That’ll open no house/†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . This indicates the loss of cultural identity kept in their house and suggests that belo nging is an intangible and important concept. The â€Å"key† ironically represents Australian citizenship, however instead of acceptance in society, the family feels anxious and insecure as a result of their lack of belonging, indicated by the negative connotations of â€Å"pulled down†.

Hovey Insurance & Financial Services Research Paper

Hovey Insurance & Financial Services - Research Paper Example If these fees are unsuccessful, the organization cannot successfully move the project to the completion stage. The dynamism with which the business environment is changing with constrains all organizations in business. In the current business environment, few organizations have surplus resources. If anything, they struggle with the limited resources and tight budgets to realize their objectives. Hovey Insurance & Financial Services Company, being part of this environment, has to contend with the high competition levels and low budgets. This at times bends the organization to opt for the lowest bidder while seeking the right people to deal with in the development process. Low bidders mean that the organization cannot afford the best brains, the most knowledgeable and the most experienced specialists in the market. Subsequently, the quality of products may not meet the expectations of the planners while it may take a longer time before completing. Lack of information technology is yet another problem facing the company. In the current business environment, technology plays a crucial role in the success of the business. Currently, most of the organizations have computerized their operations to suit the global demands and quality requirements of goods and products. For high quality products and services, companies have to give priority to technological investments. Companies operate on a global competitive platform, where customers have unlimited choices of goods and services. Increasingly, more organizations are investing in technology to have the upper hand in the market. Most aim at having long-term benefits from technological investment. Although the initial capital investment by a company in technology is high, there are numerous long-term benefits accrued. Companies save on time taken in producing goods while service industry firms gain more from customer loyalty resultant from high quality services. These are the missing factors in Hovey Insurance & Financia l Services since the company has low technological investment capacity. While developing the company’s website, the company faced a myriad of problems. There was an acute shortage of technology in the country during the developmental stages of the website. This poses even a bigger problem to Hovey Insurance & Financial Services as monitoring of the trends and the traffic of people visiting the site will be a problem. This might mean additional costs to the firm as it may frequently need to outsource these services to an external provider. This poses a dual problem to the organization. On one hand, the organization suffers the problem of secrecy and autonomy as it has to allow inside information to the public. This could have devastating effects on the organization as the contracted person may decide to trade the information with the organization’s competitors. On the other hand, the quality of services provided may be compromising against the high costs charged by the provider. This problem even gets worse when the organization factors in its constrained budget. Time is essential in completing high quality work or when providing high quality services to the customers. While developing a project, the planners and implementers allow enough time to plan the project, get it on its feet and help it start running. It also allows for any changes whenever a problem arises in the implementation

Love Blood and oil Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Love Blood and oil - Essay Example This meeting took place between the Saudi Arabia’s King Ibn Saudi and Franklin Delano Roosevelt. This agreement progressed at various foreign policy doctrines with the subsequent United States presidents to George W. Bush. The 2008 Klare’s documentary film; Blood and Oil featured much of what was presented in the Klare’s book; that is, the conflict of oil. The oil reserves in the Middle East have long been regarded â€Å"a stupendous source of strategic power† by America. This claim is evidenced by a memo to the state department that is dated August 1945. According to Michael Klare, a progressive energy analyst, in his documentary, Blood and Oil, the Middle East oil resources contributes to the United States’ weakness (Morris&Young 6). Based on the same documentary, Blood and Oil, Klare examines the relationship between United States foreign policy and Oil. Plying the part of a film commentator, Klare hints on the importance of accessing and controlling oil within the presidential doctrines right from FDR through the administration of George W. Bush. On this point, Klare argues that controlling of the world’s energy resources is foundational to the United States of America foreign policy as from the World War II. Notably, the notion of Blood and Oil administrations demonstrates how the United States’ energy policy and foreign policy to be very essential intertwined (Morris&Young 9). Since the year 1860, the United States of American is known to be the leading petroleum consumer. Despite its worldwide low population of approximately five percent of the entire world population, the United States’ oil based economy consumes approximately twenty five percent of oil that is produced globally; this can be approximated to twenty million barrels per day. In the 1960s, the United States became intensively self sufficient and was producing over eighty percent of its own oil. Nonetheless, the

Competition Between Political Parties Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Competition Between Political Parties - Essay Example It is a group comprising of numerous individuals striving for a common cause but all supports the set of common governmental goals. It may be 2 or 3 or many party system. However in a party, people are the representatives always desiring to create equality and fraternity in a country to maintain peace and order. But, in the most imperative thing that need to be maintained is the rules and regulations of the government like: equal speaking power of the citizens, voting rights, rights of all basic needs etc (Hofmeister & Grabow, 2011, p. 4). Apart from political party, another type of group that also works for the benefit of general public is pressure groups. In recent age, maximum extent of the citizens do not try to engage in politics through voting and so without joining the political parties, they become politically active through their active membership in groups, organizations and associations of varied kinds. These type of parties are also known as pressure groups (Hofmeister & Grabow, 2011, p. 5). The parties or groups are some sort of permanent organizations that help in contesting elections with the aim to acquire the crucial positions in the government of the state. These small fractions of individuals or groups work for a common cause keeping at par with the rules and regulations of the state. Thus, these parties act as a device to highlight the desire or interest of the citizens among the higher authorities of the state or country (Hofmeister & Grabow, 2011, p. 6).

Modern Business in Comparative Perspective Essay - 9

Modern Business in Comparative Perspective - Essay Example The system is characterized by static standards of living and the interest of the community supersedes that of individuals (Gregory & Stuart, 2014). The command (regulated system) is an economic system where the economy is either controlled by the government or a corporate body as the centralized power. They regulate the distribution and use of resources. In addition, these bodies control wages and prices as well as the individual tasks (Lopus, 2013). This system has the potential of creating nutritious supply of resources to the people. Socialism is an example of command system where governments have certain level of control in socialist nations. Governments in state socialist own and operate commercial sectors for social purpose. On the other hand, in the market economic system, the government does not control major resources and the vital facets of the economy. Individuals make the economic decision such as how to invest their resources, type of job to take, and goods and services to produce. Different organizations influence the economic activities by influencing the supply and demand for resources and goods or services (Dui gnan & Britannica Educational Publishing. (2013). It is similar to free market system. In case it is a pure market system, then the government is completely absent on the economic decisions or economic affairs. In the 19th century, the USA was very close to the pure economic system. However, a mixed economic system synchronizes both the elements of command and market economy. Despite the fact that individuals make decisions in the market, the government influences the distribution and allocation of resources. Currently the US economy is a mixed economy (Gottlieb, Tilly & Shorter, 2013). Corporate economic systems have exhibited diversity in many countries. This is attributed to the different situations in each country such as: a country’s developmental stage, business and government relation, labor

The World Wide Consortatium Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

The World Wide Consortatium - Essay Example The web is the open mechanism for people to share information, communicate, to use of entertainment and for commerce.† Mr Jaff further adds W3C derives its authority (the driver of technical standards for the Web) from three main sources. The first source is the founder of the Web and the director of W3C Tim Berners-Lee, who created an open architecture, and asked the industry through W3C to continue to develop and enhance an open architecture. The second source of W4C’s authority is from the membership. Over 300 members (W3C has most of the key participants in the IT industry) in the web industry, participating in its numerous conversations. Companies like Access Co. Ltd., Adessis Netlife S.L., Adobe Systems Inc. Altove GmbH, AME Info, Ayuntamiento de Zaragosa, Bartemius – Accessibility, British Broadcasting Corporation, Business Directory UK, CWI, Deutsche Telecom AG, Ericsson, FinanzNachrichten.de, Foundation for Research and Technology – Hellas (Forth), Fraunhofer Gesselschaft, Fujitsu Limited, Fundacion CTIC, Fundacion ONCE, German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence (DFKI) GmbH, Hitachi Ltd., IKM Internet Kaufmart GmbH, Infraware, Inc, Inventive Designers n.v., Mitre Corporation, Mitsue Links Co. Ltd etc are members of the W3C forum of various initiatives. The third source of authority is a track record of success. A recent Boston Globe article spoke about the 150 most important things that MIT has ever developed and mentioned W3C to be â€Å"the most important thing to have developed out of the 150 inventions.† The John Peddie Research on Electronic Devices, Service on a Chip, the market for computing devices in 2012 and the future market as well as future for chip manufacturing companies Qualcomm emerged as the big fish in the market of System on a Chip. It accounted for the most number of systems on a chip shipped to other client countries in a fast-growing market during the first half of 2012.This data has bee n provided by Jon Peddie Research’s new research report. In this context, the last shipments were up 69.4 % from all suppliers (John Peddie Research 2012). Samsung  saw the biggest increase in compound annual growth rate (CAGR) year-over-year, up 179%. CAGR happened for all of the top 5 vendors except for Texas Instruments which went down by 31 % from previous year (John Peddie Research).   MediaTek  had a record 966% growth year on year. It started from a very low base. Statistical graphic given below MediaTek is included in the other’s section. (John Peddie Research). Following are the other suppliers: Broadcom,  Freescale,  Intel,  Marvell,  Rockchip,  ST-Ericsson and  Wonder-Media. Most modern mobile â€Å"System on a Chip† (SoC) GPUs are being run on OpenGLES 3.0, released August 2012. (John Peddie Research). They are backward compatible and enable functions as powerful as PC GPUs and applications. The Report Summary says, â€Å"They have programmable shaders and can deliver amazing game play, UI and browser acceleration, and accelerate the new potentially killer app, augmented reality (AR)† (John Peddie Research). Quite different than their PC counterparts the mobile devices have GPUs that can have support image processing functions and can handle camera input directly. They are also capable of video processing and support 1080p High Definition TVs and can be interfaced with monitor via the HDMI port (John Peddie Research). According to the JPR, the four primary GPU Intellectual Property