Body Mass of Earthworms Essay

Earthworms play an important role in the turnover of organic matter in soil and maintaining a good soil structure (Lavelle, 1988). Physical properties in soils improved by earthworms include improved aggregation, stability, and porosity. The soil biological and chemical properties of soils that may be modified include nutrient cycling (mainly nitrogen and phosphorus), organic matter decomposition rates, and chemical forms of nutrients in soil and their availability to plants. They also change the soil pH, organic matter dynamics in terms of quality and quantity, microbial and invertebrate activity, and diversity of the microflora and fauna (Lavelle et al., 1998). Therefore, they are essential for plant growth especially in an extensive agricultural system, such as organic farming, which is based on nutrient release from turnover of organic matter. Earthworms can also be used as a source of protein for animal feed which had been reported to increase the growth of fish, chicken and piglets (Guerro, 1983; Jin-you et al., 1982; Edwards and Niederer, 1988). The mean amounts of essential amino acids recorded in earthworms are found to be very adequate for a good animal feed. Moreover, earthworm tissues contain a preponderance of long-chain fatty acids, many of which cannot be synthesized by non-ruminant animals and an adequate mineral content (Edwards and Niederer, 1988). Recently, the enzymes derived by the earthworms, lumbrokinase or earthworm fibrinolytic enzymes (EFE) which has anticoagulant (blood thinner) property is extensively being used in pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. Following these valuable application of earthworms, the management of earthworm communities provides a promising field for innovation in agricultural practises. There are many factors affecting the growth and body mass of earthworms that need to be considered during cultivation of earthworms. The soil moisture obviously has an effect on the growth and activity of earthworms. Earthworms lose moisture through their cuticles, so they are very dependent on soil moisture. When soil moisture is optimum, earthworms increase in mass and in their activity if food sources are available (Lee, 1985; Edwards and Bohlen, 1996). Another important factor is the additions of organic matter in the form of farmyard manure which have been found to increase earthworm populations under favourable soil conditions (Lofs-Holmin, 1983a; Hansen, 1996). Several studies found that the mass of earthworms were the highest in manured soil compared to unfertilized and mineral fertilized soils (Hansen and Engelstad,1999; Marhan and Scheu, 2005). The purpose of this study is therefore, was to identify the optimum soil moisture and level of fertilizer that can be used to increase the body mass of earthworms, Pheretima sp. during cultivation. The worms of the genus Pheretima are indigenous to Southeast Asia (Edwards and Lofty, 1972), and widely distributed in tropical rainforests with strongly acid soils. There were two treatments being tested in this experiment. In the moisture content treatments, four different levels of moisture level in soil were compared. As for the fertilizer treatment, the goat manure was added at two different levels and was compared with an unfertilized control. Aim The aim of this experiment was to investigate the effects of moisture content and fertilizers on the body mass of earthworms, Pheretima sp. under laboratory conditions. Any observed difference in body mass may then indicate the optimum soil moisture and fertilizer content which can improve the mass rearing of this species for commercial use. Materials and Methods Study site The study was carried out in the Animal House which is located at Level 8 of Building 3, Monash University, Sunway Campus commencing from 19th April 2010 to 10th May 2010 (22 days). The rearing conditions for Pheretima sp during the study consisted of containers (paper cup) held in continuous darkness at room temperature (25oC). Experimental design The earthworms, Pheretima sp. were obtained from a shop in Klang Valley. Each test container (paper cup) was inoculated with a sample size of five worms (n=5). Before the experiment commences, the initial body mass (Mi) of the worms in each containers was weighed using an analytical balance. Then, each container was added with 500 g of clay-brown soil which was obtained from the Green House of Monash University. Treatments used in this experiment are combinations of two factors, the level of fertilizer application and water application. The treatments were within a Complete Randomized Design (CRD) with 3 replications. All replications of treatments are assigned completely at random to independent experimental subjects. The relationship between three different levels of fertilizer treatment and four different levels of moisture treatment as they relate to the changes in the body mass of earthworms was examined with a split-plot factorial ANOVA, where fertilizer was a between group factor, and moisture content was a within group factor. This resulted in 12 (4 treatment level x 3 replicates) moisture containers in each (three) groups of different level of fertilizer, which made a total of 36 experimental units.

A View from the Bridge by Arthur Miller Essay

I am going to look at Arthur Miller’s play; set in the 1950’s when social and cultural ideas were very different from today. There was often immigration to America especially from Italy as there was a lot of unemployment and poverty there. People immigrated to America from Italy due to there being more employment opportunities and a better quality of life there; they hoped to earn money to send back to their family still in Italy. The people that organised their immigration would find them jobs so there was a high chance of them being employed and being able to support themselves and their family. In Italian society people tended to mind their own business and keep to themselves, although the honour of the family name was very important. Family structures and connections were also very important. Families would normally put their close family first before anything else, then their wider family and then their friends. This meant that if a member or members of their family were immigrating, they would do as much as possible to help them and take them in. Eddie’s family were like this as they took in Marco and Rodolpho, their wider family, who were immigrating to America and looked after them. By this scene, Catherine and Rodolpho have already planned to get married and Eddie has decided he doesn’t want them to. He has suggested that Rodolpho only wants to marry Catherine so he can get an American passport and implies that Rodolpho is gay. He raises objections and, although Catherine trusts Eddie, she doesn’t know whose side she should be on. This makes the audience wonder for themselves. They don’t know who they should be trusting and whether Rodolpho is gay or just wants to marry Catherine so he can get an American passport. All this time the phone box is softy lit, like a dark cloud that is always hanging over the play, because it is an option that Eddie could take and the audience wonder whether at some point he will. This creates dramatic suspense because the audience are not sure what is going to happen but they also have an idea that the phone box will take a big part in the play. Act two starts with the lighting focused on Alfieri, illuminating him as he tells the story to the audience. He is setting the scene for act two referring to trade practises that are going on at that time: â€Å"a case of Scotch whiskey slipped from a net while being unloaded – as a case of Scotch whisky is inclined to do on the twenty-third of December on Pier Forty-one’. He then goes on to explain that Catherine and Rodolpho are alone together for the first time. This causes the audience to feel suspense because Alfieri has used dramatic irony so they anticipate that something will happen between them but they don’t know what. The lighting then rises on Catherine so the focus is now on her. Rodolpho is watching her, as the audience are, showing that he enjoys being in close proximity to her. They start to talk and, although the talk starts normally, it seems to get more dramatic as it goes along. At the beginning of the conversation the audience and Rodolpho can see that Catherine is bothered about something and we want to know what she is worried about. From the text you can see she is feeling insecure: ‘She looks at him. She seems withdrawn’. Catherine starts to test Rodolpho about whether he only wants to marry her to get an American pasport, which causes the audience to feel dramatic tension. At first Rodolpho takes it as a joke but then begins to see Catherine is being serious and he becomes confused and worried: ‘Rodolpho [his smile vanishing]: When? Catherine: Well†¦ when we get married. Rodolpho [astonished]: You want to be an Italian?’ Through this part of the conversation Catherine and Rodolpho are both still until Rodolpho crosses to the rocker. This not only causes tension because of the sudden movement on stage but also because the rocker is the chair that Eddie sits in as head of the family. Rodolpho then starts talking to Catherine seriously and he becomes exasperated: ‘There’s nothing! Nothing, nothing, nothing. Now tell me what you’re talking about.’ This shows he is confused and bothered by what Catherine is saying and the tension is rising. He repeats ‘nothing, nothing, nothing’ showing emphasis and his Italian way of speaking. As this conversation continues the characters are developing and you can see them at different emotional levels. At this point there is a slight awkward pause as if the characters don’t know what to do or say and the audience feel tension because they don’t know what is going to happen next. It then becomes more intimate as Rodolpho steps closer to Catherine and encourages her to marry him: ‘Once I am a citizen I could work anywhere and I would find better jobs and we would have a house, Catherine’. A View From the Bridge by Arthur Miller Essay In Arthur Miller’s play, â€Å"A View From The Bridge† the character of Alfieri is a very important piece of the play. He leads many different roles throughout the play, and is a very useful tool for letting the audience know what they need to do. In this essay, I will be examining the many different roles of Alfieri during the play, and examining what the effects are of these roles on the play, the other characters and the audience. I will also be looking briefly at the background of where the play is set, and also be looking briefly at the author, Arthur Miller. Arthur Miller was born in 1915, in Manhattan, New York. In his early years his family were pretty well off, but when the economic depression hit America in 1929, him and his family lost a lot of money and security. They had to move to a much poorer area of New York called Brooklyn. When Arthur Miller eventually left school at 17, he didn’t have enough money or the right qualifications to enter University, and so he tried out a variety of jobs. His many jobs included a waiter, a lorry driver, a crooner on a local radio station and a shipping clerk. He saved all his money, and in 1934 was accepted into Michigan University. He won three awards for playwriting, but was still unemployed when he graduated four years later. During the Second World War, Miller was unable to complete military service due to an old injury he gained, and so instead did manual work at shipyards and some freelance radio scriptwriting. He enjoyed writing plays for live theatre, and his first play, â€Å"The Man Who Had All The Luck,† was first performed in 1949 at Broadway. It later went onto win the â€Å"Theatre Guild National Prize. † His next play, â€Å"All My Sons,† won the New York Drama Critics’ Circle Award. His two most successful plays, â€Å"Death Of A Salesman† and â€Å"The Crucible† soon followed. He later went onto write the play I am studying: â€Å"A View From The Bridge. † The play is set in Red Hook – a slum next to Brooklyn Bridge, New York. The neighbourhood is very rough, and everybody their looks after themselves primarily and their families. Law and Order are not welcome there, and Lawyers and Priests are generally untrusted people. The bay next to Brooklyn Bridge was a favourite place for immigrants to illegally enter the U. S. A. Between 1820 and 1920, migration to the U. S. A was one of the biggest transportation of people in human history. In those 100 years, more than four million Italians went over to live there, hoping to leave behind the poverty and bad times from where they had previously lived, which in most cases was the South of Italy and Sicily. They migrated because they believed America could offer them more opportunities (including work) than their native land ever could. However, life often wasn’t how they thought it would be. The immigrants were often so desperate for work that employers exploited them, by paying them the bare minimum they could. The jobs themselves were all hard manual labour, which would help America to increase its wealth and power. The immigrants found themselves living in the worst and cheapest housing around, but still thought they were better off in America than they would have been back in Italy or Sicily. Indeed, many Americans distrusted Italians, and believed them to be dangerous and violent. It is this idea of immigrants illegally entering the U. S. A that provides the plot for â€Å"A View From The Bridge. † The play is based around Eddie Carbone, a longshoreman, his wife Beatrice, and Eddie’s niece, Catherine. Eddie is very overly protective of Catherine, and doesn’t really want to let her grow up. Beatrice’s cousins, Marco and Rodolpho, have just entered the U. S. A illegally from Sicily. Eddie and Beatrice agree to hide the cousins in their house. Rodolpho and Catherine become very good friends. Eddie becomes very suspicious of Rodolpho – he accuses him of being gay and only wanting to marry Catherine so he can be a legal citizen of the U.S. A. Eddie tries to warn Catherine of his beliefs about Rodolpho, but she refuses to believe a word of it. Beatrice meanwhile, wants Catherine to grow up and so encourages her to marry Rodolpho. Eddie becomes more and more jealous and angry about the amount of time Catherine and Rodolpho spend together. He visits the local lawyer, Alfieri, and asks him if there is any way he can get rid of Rodolpho legally. Alfieri informs him that there is nothing he can do, and that he should just let Catherine go. The situation starts to grow worse and worse. One night, Eddie comes home drunk. He desperately tries once more to split up Catherine and Rodolpho, but he once again fails. After kissing Catherine and then Rodolpho, Eddie goes to visit Alfieri again. Alfieri once again advises Eddie to just let go of Catherine, but Eddie can’t do it. Instead, he calls the Immigration Bureau and reports Marco and Rodolpho’s illegal entry to the U. S. A. The Immigration Bureau come and arrest Marco and Rodolpho, and after a big fight in the street, Marco spits in Eddie’s face (a huge insult). Alfieri pays bail for the two cousins and then arranges the wedding of Catherine and Rodolpho for the following day. Eddie is furious that Marco spat in his face, and so is desperate for revenge. Marco returns to the house angry for his own revenge, when Eddie turns a knife on Marco. Marco manages to turn the knife around and stab Eddie- who then dies of his injuries. However, it is the character of Alfieri that I will now be focusing on. Alfieri is the first character we meet in the play, which therefore means that everything he says must capture the attention of the audience immediately. In this first opening speech of his, he acts like a special kind of narrator; a character who is filling us in on a brief background of the setting, and setting the scene for the rest of the play. He appears at first walking along the road outside Eddie’s house, which is where the majority of the play is set. He informs the audience about the neighbourhood where the play is set, and tells them that this particular neighbourhood has no place for law and order: â€Å"A lawyer means the law, and in Sicily, from where their fathers came, the law has not been a friendly idea since the Greeks were beaten. â€Å" â€Å"A View From the Bridge† by Arthur Miller Essay Wikipedia says honour is the concept of a direct relation between one’s virtues (or â€Å"values†) and their status within society and that justice is the ideal, morally correct state of things and persons. Honour and justice are in fact the two main issues surrounding Arthur Millers A View from the Bridge. We can see these two elements right at the start of the play, with the story of Vinny Bolzano: the boy who betrayed his family and lost his honour within it. Vinny is in fact the perfect example of the connection between justice and love:†The family had an uncle that they were hidin’ in the house, and he snitched to the Immigration [] he had five brothers and the old father. And they grabbed him in the kitchen and pulled him down the stairs – three flights his head was bouncin’ like a coconut. And they spit on him in the street, his own father and his brothers. The whole neighbourhood was crying.† (p.13-15)The importance of honour in this play prevails the law, creating a connection with respect: to be honourable is to be respected. If you do anything dishonourable, you lose respect. That is why Marco and Eddie are so keen to protect their names and reach a ‘just’ conclusion. Codes of honour bind families and the whole neighbourhood with a sense of community. Everyone should look out for one another, to betray someone is the most dishonourable action imaginable. The next part where we see clear evidence of the importance of honour in the Red Hook community is when Eddie tells Beatrice, â€Å"It’s an honour, B. I mean it.†(p..) when discussing the imminent arrival of the cousins in America. Here Eddie is saying he is honoured of letting Beatrices cousins sleep in his house because he knows they would do the same to him. This is a typical immigrant feeling because here Eddie is probably remembering when he too had come to America. Also, already from this point in the story we can see that his feelings for his Italian traditions overcome the American Law because even if Eddie knows the consequences of hosting two illegal immigrants in his house, he thinks about how he is honoured about it. Another evidence of honour in this play is the fact that Eddie finds it impossible to admit his love for Catherine is because he knows how dishonourable it is:ALFIERI: She wants to get married, Eddie. She cant marry you, can she?EDDIE: What are you talkin about, marry me! I dont know what the hell youre talking about!Because of how horrible his feelings seem to him are and how he will be dishonoured by them, he cannot accept them. He cannot accept them because it is not morally and socially correct to fall in love with your niece so this gives us an idea of injustice, of the unjust world we live in, where what Eddie has done it is not acceptable. Alfieri warns Eddie that he will lose the respect of the neighbourhood if he betrays the brothers. â€Å"You won’t have a friend in the world, Eddie!†(p.49). It is significant that a lawyer (who we would expect to follow the law) is encouraging Eddie to do something illegal by continuing to keep the brothers hidden, obviously against his own interest. This, again, even in Alfieri, shows us how honour prevails to the law: Eddie will lose his honour if he reports Rodolfo and Marco to the immigration authorities. Marco believes the only honourable course is to punish Eddie when Eddie betrayed the brothers. Alfieri tries to persuade him otherwise: â€Å"To promise not to kill is not dishonourable†(p.59), but Marcos ignorance towards the American law and his sentiments of honour vanquish any fear about breaking the promise he makes to Alfieri. In fact, Marco had given Alfieri his word that he would not harm Eddie, but does so clearly, showing once again that honour is more important than breaking the law. Here, the theme of justice rises once more: Marco finds it wrongful that Eddie can escape punishment and he cannot, making his urge for avenge even stronger. Eddie, however, blindly refuses to believe that he has done anything wrong. He desperately wants to get back his good name after Marco’s accusations caused the neighbourhood to turn away from him: Marco’s got my name – and you run tell him, kid, that he’s gonna give it back to me in front of this neighbourhood, or we have it out.(p.62). The problem is that Marco wants the same thing as Eddie: respect, which is once again connected to honour, they both want apologies from each other which they shall never obtain. The final scene of A View from the Bridge is where Eddie is killed by Marco. One can reflect a lifetime to understand whether this ending is just or not. What we can say is that in the end, natural justice happens. Natural because what has happened is what had to happen: if Eddie wouldnt have died he would have been dishonoured for the rest of his life, just like Vinny Bolzano. I believe his death was chosen by Miller as a simpler way of resolving his problems which would have continued if he would have survived the fight with Marco: with Eddies death, his and everyones travails died too. BIBLIOGRAPHY http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_View_from_the_Bridgehttp://www.sparknotes.com/drama/viewbridge/ http://www.eriding.net/amoore/gcse/viewfromthebridge.htm http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/english_literature/dramaviewbridge/ Understanding A View From The Bridge @media print{.pmpro_a-print{display:none;position:absolute;left:-9999px}}A View From The Bridge: Literature Guides - A Research Guide for Students window._wpemojiSettings = {"baseUrl":"https:\/\/s.w.org\/images\/core\/emoji\/11\/72x72\/","ext":".png","svgUrl":"https:\/\/s.w.org\/images\/core\/emoji\/11\/svg\/","svgExt":".svg","source":{"concatemoji":"https:\/\/www.aresearchguide.com\/wp-includes\/js\/wp-emoji-release.min.js?ver=4.9.8"}}; !function(a,b,c){function d(a,b){var c=String.fromCharCode;l.clearRect(0,0,k.width,k.height),l.fillText(c.apply(this,a),0,0);var d=k.toDataURL();l.clearRect(0,0,k.width,k.height),l.fillText(c.apply(this,b),0,0);var e=k.toDataURL();return d===e}function e(a){var 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Writer This Web page has been designed to assist students to: Compare and contrast the life described in Italy and the promise of the American Dream. Understand the context of mass immigration of Italians to New York in the 1950s. Examine the impact of McCarthyism in †¦ Continue reading A View From The BridgeA Research Guide for Students 0 Comments WordPress Embed HTML EmbedCopy and paste this URL into your WordPress site to embed<blockquote class="wp-embedded-content"><a href="https://www.aresearchguide.com/a-view-from-the-bridge.html">A View From The Bridge</a></blockquote> <script type='text/javascript'> <!--//--><![CDATA[//><!-- !function(a,b){"use strict";function c(){if(!e){e=!0;var a,c,d,f,g=-1!==navigator.appVersion.indexOf("MSIE 10"),h=!!navigator.userAgent.match(/Trident.*rv:11\./),i=b.querySelectorAll("iframe.wp-embedded-content");for(c=0;c<i.length;c++){if(d=i[c],!d.getAttribute("data-secret"))f=Math.random().toString(36).substr(2,10),d.src+="#?secret="+f,d.setAttribute("data-secret",f);if(g||h)a=d.cloneNode(!0),a.removeAttribute("security"),d.parentNode.replaceChild(a,d)}}}var d=!1,e=!1;if(b.querySelector)if(a.addEventListener)d=!0;if(a.wp=a.wp||{},!a.wp.receiveEmbedMessage)if(a.wp.receiveEmbedMessage=function(c){var d=c.data;if(d.secret||d.message||d.value)if(!/[^a-zA-Z0-9]/.test(d.secret)){var e,f,g,h,i,j=b.querySelectorAll('iframe[data-secret="'+d.secret+'"]'),k=b.querySelectorAll('blockquote[data-secret="'+d.secret+'"]');for(e=0;e<k.length;e++)k[e].style.display="none";for(e=0;e<j.length;e++)if(f=j[e],c.source===f.contentWindow){if(f.removeAttribute("style"),"height"===d.message){if(g =parseInt(d.value,10),g>1e3)g=1e3;else if(~~g<200)g=200;f.height=g}if("link"===d.message)if(h=b.createElement("a"),i=b.createElement("a"),h.href=f.getAttribute("src"),i.href=d.value,i.host===h.host)if(b.activeElement===f)a.top.location.href=d.value}else;}},d)a.addEventListener("message",a.wp.receiveEmbedMessage,!1),b.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",c,!1),a.addEventListener("load",c,!1)}(window,document); //--><!]]> </script><iframe sandbox="allow-scripts" security="restricted" src="https://www.aresearchguide.com/a-view-from-the-bridge.html/embed" width="600" height="400" title="&#8220;A View From The Bridge&#8221; &#8212; A Research Guide for Students" frameborder="0" marginwidth="0" marginheight="0" scrolling="no" class="wp-embedded-content"></iframe> Copy and paste this code into your site to embed!function(a,b){"use strict";function c(b,c){a.parent.postMessage({message:b,value:c,secret:g},"*")}function d(){function d(){l.className=l.className.replace("hidden",""),b.querySelector('.wp-embed-share-tab-button [aria-selected="true"]').focus()}function e(){l.className+=" hidden",b.querySelector(".wp-embed-share-dialog-open").focus()}function f(a){var c=b.querySelector('.wp-embed-share-tab-button [aria-selected="true"]');c.setAttribute("aria-selected","false"),b.querySelector("#"+c.getAttribute("aria-controls")).setAttribute("aria-hidden","true"),a.target.setAttribute ("aria-selected","true"),b.querySelector("#"+a.target.getAttribute("aria-controls")).setAttribute("aria-hidden","false")}function g(a){var c,d,e=a.target,f=e.parentElement.previousElementSibling,g=e.parentElement.nextElementSibling;if(37===a.keyCode)c=f;else{if(39!==a.keyCode)return!1;c=g}"rtl"===b.documentElement.getAttribute("dir")&&(c=c===f?g:f),c&&(d=c.firstElementChild,e.setAttribute("tabindex","-1"),e.setAttribute("aria-selected",!1),b.querySelector("#"+e.getAttribute("aria-controls")).setAttribute("aria-hidden","true"),d.setAttribute("tabindex","0"),d.setAttribute("aria-selected","true"),d.focus(),b.querySelector("#"+d.getAttribute("aria-controls")).setAttribute("aria-hidden","false"))}function h(a){var c=b.querySelector('.wp-embed-share-tab-button [aria-selected="true"]');n!==a.target||a.shiftKey?c===a.target&&a.shiftKey&&(n.focus(),a.preventDefault()):(c.focus(),a.preventDefault())}function i(a){var b,d=a.target;b=d.hasAttribute("href")?d.getAttribute("href"):d.parentElemen t.getAttribute("href"),b&&(c("link",b),a.preventDefault())}if(!k){k=!0;var j,l=b.querySelector(".wp-embed-share-dialog"),m=b.querySelector(".wp-embed-share-dialog-open"),n=b.querySelector(".wp-embed-share-dialog-close"),o=b.querySelectorAll(".wp-embed-share-input"),p=b.querySelectorAll(".wp-embed-share-tab-button button"),q=b.querySelector(".wp-embed-featured-image img");if(o)for(j=0;j

Personal Management Skills Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Personal Management Skills - Essay Example Working on improving your self improvement skills is a life-long process since the more someone improves the skills the more they succeed in business. There are a number of self management skills that are very crucial in determining the future of anyone’s career or business. One such skill is personal time management skills, which help in making sure that all urgent tasks are done in time, especially when there is little time at one’s disposal. There is also motivation which is the driving force for one’s desire to succeed in a particular field. A person also needs adequate self discipline that will ensure that they are true to themselves and true to their principles. In addition, one needs to be emotionally stable so as to rationally respond to both anger and good news. Strategic thinking is also important since it helps focus in the future by appropriately planning all the actions affecting one in their career. One also needs an analytical mind to ensure timely evaluation of the validity of opinions and ideas. Another important skill is intelligence, which guides one in not only calculating logical arguments but also in processing them in time. Upholding of professional ethics is another important skill. ... 110-114). I strongly believe in my personal management skills and as such equally believe in my ability to succeed in my career of choice. My career objective is to open a firm that offers legal advice as well as final guidance to both private and private organizations. I am well aware of the skills required of me to succeed in field of choice. First, one has to pursue a degree in a relevant course at the university. In addition to this degree, internship in a busy firm before opening your own firm is very crucial. One also needs to be well equipped with relevant analytical skills. Communication skills are also a crucial component of the most important skills. In the legal field, one is required to possess sound judgemental skills, and be able to effectively work in teams. Moreover, one needs to have a deep knowledge of the various concepts in law, and be able to understand emerging law concepts with ease and accuracy. To wrap it all, one needs to be very organized in how they work a nd how they assign duties to people that work under them. This is to make sure that there is neither confusion nor duplication of duties (Institute of Personnel Management and Development, 2003, pp. 157, 292, 305). Therefore, in order to achieve my dream I believe I should possess at least most of the skills listed above. I am already pursuing an undergraduate degree in a business related field. After my first degree I plan to pursue a Masters degree in Finance and Accounting. I strongly believe that the two degrees will fully equip me to confidently handle the financial matters that will be presented to me at work. The Masters degree, for instance, will provide me with a deep knowledge in the subject matter as well as equip me

The Organizations Internal and External Labor Markets Assignment

The Organizations Internal and External Labor Markets - Assignment Example Compensation standards set in the organization are considerably grounded on the internal and external labor market conditions prevailing. For example, in this particular organization, the remuneration standards for those skills and expertise which are found in abundance in the labor marker are kept at low levels, while the rare skills which are rated highly by the organization but not found in abundance in the market need to be remunerated above industry standards. This is done with the aim of attracting, retaining and developing potential talents from the industry which accounts for one of the most potential competitive strengths for the organization (Osterman, 2004, p.2-3). Thus, it is seen how wage rates in the organization are determined and influenced by the existence, abundance or scarcity of human resources in the market. Likewise, the existing internal labor structure and strength of the organization forms the basis on which aspects such as career development planning, succes sion planning etc are designed in the organization. For this, labor forecasts are done to portray the future talents and skills which would be required for meeting organizational objectives. Long-term objectives of the firm might call for an increase in particularly skilled resources while a shrinkage in the demand for some other resources. It is crucial to determine or identify the gaps between the existing level of talent in the organization and the expected future talents which would be required in the organization. The organization plans it’s training and developmental activities based strongly on the skills it desires to nurture for accomplishing future goals. Besides that, the present recruitment and selection strategies are also designed in a way which helps to the future workforce requirements in the organization.

Local ecology and environment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Local ecology and environment - Essay Example The special factor that distinguishes my local ecology from environment is that in former living organism are depended on each other while elements in environment survive on its own. Moreover local ecology is completely natural while environment consist of both natural and unnatural elements. My local ecological system is consistently hampered by the unwanted encroachment of human beings. The pond beyond me is getting cleared which can cease the existence of various tiny living organism, insects, fishes and birds. Apart from this, if the monkeys visit the back yard for food they are scared off by humans in one way or another. I can feel that the local ecology is highly getting disturbed and diminished by the interference of human activities. Previous days I was witnessing how the construction of a house is becoming an obstacle for the life of living organisms in the nearby water body. Global warming is another frightening issue the local ecology has to face in the coming days. I can feel the temperature of the atmosphere is rising high and this causing hindrance to the survival of birds and animals in the locality .I can envision that the, balance of the local ecology is in tantrums and each living being including man is struggling to live in a pollution free environment . It is rainy season in my hometown and the rain is arriving later than ever. This has led to drought in some region and the water body behind my house is also drying up. Apart from fish, the water body is also a reservoir of drinking water for monkeys and other tiny creatures. When I compare the global warming effect on other local ecosystem and mine I see that my surrounding is less affected by it. My surrounding environment and local ecological system still depicts a less polluted arena. The main pollution in the environment is the residue left by the vehicle which runs along the road

Knowledge and skills for nursing part 2 assessment Essay

Knowledge and skills for nursing part 2 assessment - Essay Example Based on the background check patient had suffered severe depression because her husband died and live alone. The patient became alcoholic and her health deteriorated because of malnutrition. The patient looks underweight but can survive by giving proper medication and patient care. The nursing process can best be described as a framework for planning individualized care for patient with intellectual disabilities. Since the care for patient is a process it does not conclude into anything but rather it changes constantly and it is the nurses' responsibility to respond to these changing needs whenever necessary. The nursing process usually comprises four or five stages depending on the resources available and work setting, and includes: diagnosis, assessment, planning, implementing and evaluation. The nursing process should be undertaken using a collaborative and participative approach with other professionals, gathering and implementing resources, in order to improve the care process (Department of Health 2000b; Department of Health 2001). The focus of this study will be on the design care plan for our patient on study. The patient was brought in the hospital because of diarrhoea and vomiting. ... It includes areas such as health and health needs, daily living skills, activity programmes, mobility, mental health, risks to the client, finance, respite, social events/outings, support requirements, spiritual needs and, possibly, accommodation issues (Department of Health, 2000b;Sox, 2004a). Our patient on study has been diagnosed to have severe diarrhoea, but upon assessment the medical team handling the patient found out deeper reason for having such condition. The patient based on its medical background is having depression due to the lost of a husband. This has made the patient to neglect herself and become alcoholic. As a result of a deeper assessment the patient is also suffering from malnutrition. The care plan will be focusing on this condition of the patient. The chosen model should cover the entire activity of the patient. Planning In planning, the nurse plays an important role in the recovery and stay of the patient in the hospital. The patient upon admission was given attention on the main complain which is diarrhoea and vomiting. However further diagnosis and assessment of the medical team discovered that the patient is suffering from malnutrition. Our plan focus on malnutrition; the reasons why the patient is having this kind of condition, and the treatment and the protocol that the nurses should follow for the welfare of the patient. Implementation Implementation of a care plan is the most challenging part of the nursing process. Patient who is suffering from depression will lead to intellectual disabilities and an appropriate care plan should be implemented. In the case of our patient, she suffers depression after her husband dies wherein she depends on a lot. This make her

Corporal Punishment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Corporal Punishment - Essay Example The message that violence is a way to solve problems is surely not lost on children. Parents who were beaten as children end up beating their own children. Teachers who attended schools in which corporal punishment was an accepted practice may in a like manner find it natural to turn to it themselves, although other people, beaten as children, react adversely to the notion of using physical force themselves (Straus and Donnelley 2004). Critics (Straus and Donnelley 2004) explain that the parents of children who are victims of the "battered child syndrome" are mentally ill. While corporal punishment applied by teachers is usually not so extreme in intent or result as the abuse inflicted on children by their own parents, its use by teachers who experienced corporal punishment as children suggests a tendency to "identify with the aggressor" which characterizes the authoritarian personality The use of force on children stems from an inherent cultural belief that violence is an acceptable way to solve problems. Carried far enough, that position could suggest that the society itself is "mentally ill," judged by its approach to violence (Straus and Donnelley 2004). Corporal punishment is ineffective because it has extremely negative impact on learning and child development.

See intructions Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

See intructions - Case Study Example More specifically, the United States ISTEA (Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act) positively affected intermodal transportation. Enacted in 1991, the legislation supported intermodal carriers by noting high priority corridors across the country considered essential for improving the efficiency of transport (Konings, Priemus, and Nijkamp, 2008). Deregulation in the United States paved way for the movement of products as benchmarks for health and security. The United States and EU can only enact some regulation statues at various levels through courses of action that assist in securing the intermodal transportation sectors. This deregulation calls for modifications in logistics as seen with the 1980 Motor Carrier Act (Konings et al., 2008). Once approved, this regulation allowed new trucking carriers to spring up since the intermodal transpiration sector was secure for investment. This legislation was considered largely a deregulation of the trucking sector that saw a significant decline in the cost of stocking and sustaining inventories. Further research showed that this partial deregulation led to the expansion and continued growth of the United States’ trucking industry. Regulation also fosters current competition among transporters by removing price fixing. This implication is arguably positive since different carriers from the United States and EU would view it otherwise. Most EU carriers are obligatory supporters of the stronger position or new carrier of this effect of regulation (Woxenius and Barthel, 2008). On the other hand, United States carriers do not support stronger positions or new industry players incumbently. Approaches to safeguard the competitive setting of the intermodal industry are often part of this type of regulation and often only new market entrants find it advantageous. This advantage arises from the regulation’s decrease of potential obstacles to entering the intermodal

Human Resource Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Human Resource Management - Essay Example This results effective staffing decisions and processes which leads to better performance of the employees. The overall purpose of developing HR policies is to ensure that organization is efficiently able to achieve short term as well as long term goals through its employees rather than technology advancement. Many organizations believe that concentrating on the development of technology is more beneficial for the productivity of the organization rather to concentrate on the effective employee management. But effective use of technology is more important than adopting the same and it needs recruitment and selection of efficient people for the organization (Armstrong, 2006, p.9). Management of human capital is done through five different stages. Human resource policies is effectively designed so that implementation of the policies in these five stages of human management can be efficiently to better performance of the employees as well as for the better productivity of the organizatio n. These stages are planning, organizing, staffing, leading and controlling. Planning is the first stage of human capital management and it develop the organizational structure and find valuable sources from where the organization can get efficient people through a cost effective process of recruitment (Barney & Wright, 1997, p.4). Effective design and application of policies in HR planning, recruitment and selections and their contributions towards effective staffing decisions and organizational effectiveness and decisions making- Critical Evaluation HR planning and systems can have a wide variety of implications in organizations and organizational effectiveness. In the modern society planning and efficiency accounts for some of the prerequisites for organizational effectiveness and performance. In fact all of the HR activities in an organization depend largely on HR planning which subsequently reflects through organizational performance and productivity. Researchers have provided with data and information with regards to the correlation between recruitment and selection procedure and candidates’ competence in organizations which leads to greater creative works, greater collaboration of activities and performance progress in the organization. Research scholars have out forth the fact that through the application of appropriate HR planning systems organizations can effectively influence the actions and contributions of employees and generate their social capital as the potential source of competitive advantage (Mossholder, Richardson & Settoon, 2011, p.34). However, HR systems have largely been restricted to their connections with organizational outcomes and not with individual level behaviors. That is why researchers have increasingly called for the need for understanding HR planning and its influence on employees, inter-relationships between them and performance (Mossholder, Richardson & Settoon, 2011, p.34). Researchers have specifically focused on t he role of HR planning on a firm’s competitive advantage. According to the views of Barney (1995), three basic resources can provide competitive advan

Analysis of Syndicated Column Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Analysis of Syndicated Column - Essay Example The purpose of his opinion piece was to ask his readers to analyze the merits of keeping the ObamaCare law as it was versus the reality of what would happen to the individual American's healthcare and economic needs if the law is not repealed by Congress. His main argument being that the ObamaCare law will further open the floodgates of debt and produce no benefits for our nation over a minimum of 10 years. Mr. Krauthammer, being one of the most highly respected columnists in The Washington Post, has never been known for writing his articles willy nilly. He pours countless hours into his research and takes great pains in order to prove the veracity of any claim that he makes by insuring that he gets confirmation or authoritative explanations pertaining to his research material from highly reliable and reputable resources. For his article â€Å"Everything Starts with Repeal†, he presents facts and figures that he gathered from his time spent speaking with CBO Director Douglas E lmendorf, using the man's very own facts and figures in order to disprove the Democrat theory that the passage of ObamaCare would result in a reduced deficit over a period of ten years. An explanation which, when heard for the first time from the Democrat point of view, most certainly points to savings for the nation. However, the savings come at the cost of more government spending and increased taxes. It is at this point that Mr. Krauthammer points out the obvious argument that most ordinary Americans, regardless of their political beliefs as Democrats or Republicans, would make after careful study and evaluation of the facts as presented by Elmendorf. How can our nation have any real savings or surplus if facts and figures are manipulated to never actually show an accurate portrayal of the money spent or saved? In other words, the joke is on us once ObamaCare finds itself fully implemented in 2014. These are arguments that Mr. Krauthammer makes based upon the facts and figures th at he managed to gather from the Congressional Budget Office. These are calculations and formulas that were given credence or denied by explanations from Yuval Levin, the National Affairs editor of The Washington Post. What makes his opinion piece in this highly syndicated column highly informative and accurate is the fact that he constantly argued the merits and demerits of ObamaCare from both a Democratic and Republican standpoint. Therefore, all possible avenues of debate and discussion pertaining to healthcare coverage for the regular Joes are openly and widely discussed within the article itself. He oftentimes refers to his own personal experience and the much highly publicized information pertaining to ObamaCare that is easily accessible via any public information portal. I must point out one small detail, however: the information used within the article is believed to point towards his article being part of a relative truth. This is why the information he has on hand can be b ent and shaped in order to serve the purpose of either political party. This is because, depending upon which side of the political spectrum Mr. Krauthammer's readers have chosen to place their fate in, the truth as they know it and see it can be explained in at least 2 different ways, thus, proving that truth can never be absolute, only relative. In terms of the information within the opinion article, I would have to say that its veracity level is quite high. This is owing to the method by which the information was collated and presented to

Tintern Abbey by William Wordsworth Essay Example for Free

Tintern Abbey by William Wordsworth Essay How TINTERN ABBEY evolves from beginning to end is in a truly reflective state upon the five years that had passed since he had last visited the ruins of the abbey. The ruin of the abbey, perhaps can be compared to the aging of man and the inevitably of aging, however, the abbey still stands as does natutre and its eternal splendor. The poem starts immediately with an adjective, rolling referring to the waters coming down from the mountain springs which do not disturb the murmur of the river: These waters, rolling from their mountain-springs/With a sweet murmur. (3-4). The gentle, quietness of the river Wye which Wordworth adored and the visual picture of the rolling of the water from the mountain springs give the reader a feeling of serenity. The tone of the poem is calm and mediative and Wordsworth describes the landscape and compares it to the quiet of the sky: The landscape with the quiet of the sky.(8). The plots of land surrounding his dear land are lovingly described with the color, green. He gives the woods an almost human personality with the use of the verb, runin line l7; Of sportive wood run wild; these paastoral farms (l7). The life of the woods surrounding the Abbey are almost given human like qualities in order to show how man is and must be part of nature. In the third stanza of the poem his tone changes and he almost becomes angry at the fact that he had left the abbey and returned to a life which had left him unfullfilled; How often has my spirit turned to thee!(58). In lines 89-92, For I have learned /To look on nature, not as in the hour/Of thoughtless youth, but hearing oftentimes/The still, sad music of humanity,(89-92) his tone becomes morose in reflecting upon the lack of human appreciation of nature. He uses obvious, but knowing adjectives in round ocean and living air: And the round ocean, and the living air (99) and attributes that are obvious to the conditions of the ocean and air, but to reflect upon the obvious and constancy of nature. The irony of the strengthening of his relationship with his sister, Dorothy takes place with his return to the abbey with Dorothy and he feels a freedom which he had lacked in the outside world. He feels protected in the woods, a plce of refuge which is reinforced by the dearness and closeness of his sister presence. The freedom to be himself and enjoy the beauty and tranquility that nature can provide, in a treasured place which was sacred to him, set away from the city gosssip and fast life, the ironic greetings of people who really dont care; Nor greetings where not kindness is, not all (13l). are all approaches and techniques that Wordsworth uses in order to et his reader into his head and allow the presence and grandeur . The autobiographical fact that Wordsworth and his sister Dorothy returned to live in the Lake District at the end of l799 reinformces how important the locale meant to he and his sister. Wordsworths wish for his sister in this poem is that she be happy and joyous in her surroundings and protect her from the gossip and cruelty of the outside world and that the serenity and calmness of nature keep her at peace; Therefore let the moon/ Shine on thee in thy solitary walk (l35-6). In stanza 4 Wordsworth becomes like a preacher in tone and when he says, That in this moment there is life and food/For future years(65-6) he seems to be teaching the reader a lesson that youth is spent in concrete form. HE alluded to the carnal nature of his youth; (The coarser pleasures of my boyish days/And their glad animalmovements all gone by,) (74-5) and welcomes his appreciation of nature and the caklmness it brings; other gifts/Have followed, for such loss, I would believe(87-8). Youth is eternal in the heart that appreciates the majesty and sublimness of nature is just what Wordsworth is trying to relate in Stanza 4 and his tone changes from descriptive to joyous and appreciative and relates his soul to nature. The sensualness of his return to the Abbey is reflected in lines 26-32; But oft, in lonely rooms, and mid the din/Of towns and cities, I have owed to them,/In hours of weariness, sensations sweet,/(26-32)renews the newness and hope of his youth and reaffirms his unit y with nature. The central description of the poem comes from muted visions of his prior visit to the Abbwy and his reminsceses in the concrete, visceral encompassing freedom of the woods. His reflection upon mans eternity and mortal life are addressed when he says; Until, the breath of this corporeal frame,/And even the motion of human blood/ALmost suspended, we are laid asleep/In body, and become a living soul: (44-47) the word, motion gives notice to the motion and vitality of nature which is eternal and contrasts and contradicts the long-lived life on man on earth. He is trying to reflect, himself on his place in the world in relation to nature, and also to allow the reader to reflect on his position and relation with the world of nature. Burial, return to the earth, part of nature again, the eternal circle of life, to be rejoiced.

Costs of Workplace Conflicts Essay Example for Free

Costs of Workplace Conflicts Essay Not all cost factors are relevant to every conflict, but every conflict incurs several of these costs. 1. Lost work time Managers’ Time: Studies show that 42% of a managers time is spent on conflict related negotiations among employees. Over 65% of performance problems result from strained relationships between employees, not from deficits in individual employees skill or motivation. Individuals’ Time: Studies show that 52% of employees have lost work time worrying about how they have been treated. 22% have deliberately slowed down their work in response to rude or insensitive behavior. Tension and stress reduce motivation and disturb concentration. A loss of 25% (doing things other than work related activities, such as discussing the dispute, playing computer games, finding reasons to get out of the area) reduces an average work week to fewer than 20 hours. 2. Absenteeism and Illness Absenteeism has been shown to correlate with job stress, especially the stress associated with anger toward co-workers. Science has determined that nearly every physical illness and injury, from viral infections to  cancer to workplace accidents, is partially psychogenic. That is, caused in part by psychological or emotional conditions. 3. Heath costs It is estimated that 75 – 90% of all visits to primary care physicians are for stress related problems. Since the rate of claims affects the premium paid by an employer to its insurer, insurance is an indirect cost of workplace conflict. An estimated 16% of employees feel that poor interpersonal relations are a source of stress at work. The total value of lost work time due to stress is estimated to be $1.7 billion. Workplace stress and work-related conflict are among the top eight reasons why employees request counseling assistance. 4. Reduced decision quality Decisions made under conditions of conflict are inferior to decisions made when cooperation prevails. The best decision-making happens when there is a free-flowing of information. When there is a conflict, it is not uncommon for information to be withheld or distorted. If conflict is present between people who share decision-making authority, as in the case of team-based decisions, the resulting decisions are likely to be contaminated by the power struggles between those people. 5. Restructuring Often, design of workflow is altered in an attempt to reduce the amount of interaction required between employees in conflict. Often the restructured work is less efficient than the original design. 6. Loss of skilled employees Studies show that 12% of employees have quit a job to avoid a rude co-worker. Seventy five percent of people who felt they have been bullied at work have left their jobs to make the bullying go away. Chronic unresolved conflict acts as a decisive factor in at least 50% of departures. 7. Cost to replace employee Conflict accounts for up to 90% of involuntary departures, with the possible exception of staff reductions due to downsizing and restructuring. It’s estimated that the real cost of turnover is equivalent to one full years pay (finding and training replacements, customer satisfaction and retention, lowered efficiency for all who work with new hire). 8. Sabotage/theft/damage Studies reveal a direct correlation between prevalence of employee conflict and the amount of damage and theft of inventory and equipment. Often covert sabotage of work processes and of management’s efforts occurs when employees are angry at their employer. 9. Lower morale From time to time, most employees experience erosion of job motivation due to the stress of trying to get along with a difficult person. To figure the financial cost, as a baseline figure, use the productivity that would have occurred had no conflict occurred. Then, estimate a percentage decline of that productivity. Multiply that percentage times the dollar value of the total compensation of the person(s) affected. 10. Legal costs Corporations that have developed collaborative conflict management systems report significant litigation cost savings: Brown and Root reported an 80% reduction in outside litigation costs, Motorola reported a 75% reduction over a period of six years, NCR reported a 50% reduction and a drop of pending lawsuits from 263 in 1984 to 28 in 1993. 11. Other? Conflict is a good example of how harm can be produced in the workplace and of how this harm spills over into families and communities. Such harm includes both inner-directed harm (suicidal behavior, recklessness, agitated depression and abuse of alcohol, drugs) and outer-directed expressions (threatening behavior, emotional and/or verbal abuse, bullying, harassment, assault, domestic violence, road rage). Summary Workplace stress costs US industry $300 billion a year in absenteeism, turnover, diminished productivity, medical, legal and insurance fees.xv The greatest stresses come from interpersonal conflicts.

Causes of the Lebanese Civil War

Causes of the Lebanese Civil War The Middle Eastern region has always been a symbol of regional instability; much like a leaky propane tank in an area prone to wild fires, just one spark in the wrong place can create an inferno. The subject of this investigation is to determine the primary causes for the Lebanese Civil War, why the fighting persisted for the better part of two decades, and how it finally ended. Using books written at the time of the war from scholarly sources and examining the firsthand accounts of individuals affected by the war, we will be able to at least draw some conclusions of how and why history unfolded the way it has. For fifteen years (1975-1990), Lebanon was embroiled in a vicious civil war that ultimately resulted in de facto Syrian military control over the small Middle Eastern state and left thousands of people dead—many non-combatant civilians. Most civil wars are fought between two religious or political factions, but the belligerents included the Lebanese Front, Syria, the Palestinian Liberation Organisation (PLO), Israel, and the Lebanese National Movement (LNM), though it can be argued that this was a battle of control between the region’s Muslim and Christian populations though the scope of interests involved would make it far more significant. Thus, it would not be entirely accurate to refer to this conflict as a ‘civil war’, but an ideological struggle of an entire region fought on a very small piece of land. According to David C. Gordon in his book Lebanon, the Fragmented Nation, ‘It has been a war between haves and have-nots, Christians and Muslims, Lebanese nationalists and non-Lebanese Palestinians, as well as a war between rival Arab states and ideologies on Lebanese soil, and part of the confrontation between Israel, the Arabs, and more.’[1] Summary of Evidence: A Timeline Lebanon obtains her independence in 1946.[2] The state of Israel is formed in 1948. Palestinian refugees are driven from Israeli territory to neighbouring countries. Lebanon attempts to absorb more than half a million Palestinian refugees, not really welcoming them into the society. Stability is compromised during the 1960s and power shifts several times ultimately leading to civil war in 1958.[3] During the 1960s and 1970s, the PLO violates Lebanese sovereignty to attack Israel. Lebanese society is polarized as the Muslim minority feels powerless and allies itself with more powerful Muslim forces such as the PLO and the Syrians.[4] Christian majority allies themselves with the nationalist forces. Open warfare breaks out in 1975 and becomes a microcosm for the rest of the conflict in the Middle East.[5] An Evaluation of Sources Itamar Rabinovich’s The War for Lebanon 1970-1985 was a source of basic information. It identified the various factions and their objectives and provided a summary of the major events in the war and the tensions leading up to it. A valuable source for someone that needs to familiarise themselves with the general situation, though it does not adopt a particular perspective. This would be a good place to start when beginning research. In Syria and Iran by Anoushiravan Ehteshami and Raymond A. Hinnebusch, the subject of discussion focused on the growing hegemony of Syria and Iran as an opposition to Israel’s growth in the Middle East. At first glance, the subject matter had very little to do with the Lebanese Civil War, however, the books sixth chapter introduces the theory that the war in Lebanon was critical to the interests of many factions in the region rather than being a simple resolution of sovereignty and government representation. ‘The struggle for Lebanon is most usefully understood, not as part of a civilizational conflict between Islam and the West, but as a conflict of national interests: if Israel could control Lebanon, it could smash Syrian and Palestinian resistance to its hegemony. Syria and Iran sought to make Lebanon, respectively, a buffer and a front in the struggle with Israel.’[6] This book was critical to understanding how a delicate situation was pushed into civil unrest by external forces. In this case, Iran and Syria were threatened by an Israel backed by the superpower that was the United States of America and much of the Shi’a Muslims in the region became more energized to resist that influence. Of special interest was the alliance of the Lebanese Shi’a Muslims with Syria and Iran, and their ultimate success. ‘The USA and Israel withdrew from Lebanon. Syria and Amal had forged an alliance in opposition to the USA, the Phalanges and Israel which would prove remarkably enduring.’[7] In contrast Lebanon, the Fragmented Nation by David Gordon was indispensable to understanding the internal issues that precipitated the war, focusing on the diverse nature of Lebanon and its inability to decide whether to become a part of a ‘greater’ Syrian society or remain the Arab World’s link to the West. When asked, the Christian and Muslim population offered radically different visions of the society that Lebanon should become.[8] This may suggest that religious diversity is not possible, especially when the religions involved tend to be expansionist and the practitioners themselves extremist, albeit co-existence is possible in a society where the diverse groups were moderate and non-expansionist (i.e. believe that everyone should abide by the mores of their particular group). While the first source couched the war in terms of Islam vs. Christianity and Zionism, this source explored the fundamental division between Christians and Muslims in Lebanese society, which could never lead to a lasting peace. The personal account provides a most important perspective for this investigation: the individual soldier or civilian whose life was impacted by the hostilities. Scholarly historical books and documents offer a bird’s eye view of the social and political forces that led to this outcome, however, it does not capture the personal element of how the individual is pushed into fighting for a particular cause. According to Lebanese writer Fawaz Gerges, the Civil War was a grand struggle ‘for the soul and future of the Muslim and Arab world.’[9] This is not an exaggerated statement given that the causes for the war and the parties involved originated beyond Lebanon’s borders, but the writer of this story wanted to express how the interference of the West and the extremism of the Christian soldiers began to inflame the passions of young jihadists. This source was chosen for its historical relevance because the jihadist movement is more powerful than ever in the twe nty-first century and Lebanon is considered more an ally of the Muslims than a Christian state even as it retains a sizeable Christian population. Although this does not show the origin of the war per se, this book highlights the origin of Muslim extremism and how a climate embroiled in religious strife can polarise the most moderate reasonable people. Analysis From the sources that were gathered for this study, it is clear that the seeds of the conflict were sown in 1948 when the Jewish state of Israel was formed. With its alliance with the Western world and a new religious influence in the area, it challenged the existing balance of power in the Middle East. As we know, the Palestinians already inhabiting the territory ceded to Israel were strongly opposed and began to attack the newly formed nation because there was a resentment against having to give up land that was theirs to begin with, and that they had done nothing wrong to merit its loss. When the Israelis won and expanded their borders, many Palestinians were forced to seek refuge in neighbouring countries. When Jordan expelled many of the Palestinian refugees for reasons of national security, the refugees (along with PLO forces) began to migrate into Lebanon in greater numbers. Political asylum seekers that could not have easily assimilated into Lebanese culture were absorbed int o the population resulting from Israel’s treaty with Lebanon. ‘One result of Israel’s creation was that Lebanon became host to many of the some 700,000 Arab Palestinian refugees. Most of the Diaspora was Muslim, and so in this predominantly Christian state, it was inconceivable that they should be given citizenship and assimilated. To do so would have been to undermine the statistically based legitimacy of the Establishment to continue to rule. Muslims of course took full note of the fact that when thousands of Christian Armenians had poured into Lebanon after the First World War they had been quickly provided with the rights of citizenship.’[10] Lebanon had only been independent of France for two years and a nation is most vulnerable in the first years of formation as the stronger factions seek to overcome the minority groups and the new order overturns outdated power structures, and attempted coups by ambitious power brokers were rather common.[11] With the influx of Palestinian refugees, the balance of power began to shift. The Lebanese government was created to empower both Christians and Muslims. The President of Lebanon must be a Maronite Christian and the Prime Minister must be a Muslim. However, the balance of power strongly favoured Christians. When Muslims began agitating for more influence because they believed they were in the majority, a mini-civil war was fought in 1958, which claimed 4,000 lives leaving the region even more fraught with religious tension. The rise of religious extremism in general and Muslim fundamentalism in particular characterised the 1970s social and political climate, and many hard line members of the Abrahamic religions believed that their sect should be in control of the Holy Land, with the city of Jerusalem at its centre. While this in and of itself was not enough to spark the war in Lebanon per se, Palestine’s insistence on using its adopted country as a staging ground for an attack on Israel polarised the Lebanese people into two camps. The Muslim faction supported Palestine’s military efforts while the Christians were strongly opposed, and many Christians commonly support the Jewish claim to the city of Jerusalem. Considering Lebanon’s religiously and politically diverse population, it is not difficult to imagine that obtaining a consensus on foreign relations would be extremely difficult. This was especially true once the United States and Europe were intervening on behalf of the newly formed Jewish state that most of the Arab nations in the region wished to destroy. Tensions between the Lebanese and Palestinians escalated as the Palestinian Liberation Organisation (PLO) sought to fight Israel from Lebanese territory, which suggests that the root of this conflict was the seizure of Palestinian lands when Israel was founded in 1948. ‘It was not the Lebanese that started the violence; rather, Israel’s dispossession of the Palestinians was the root of the Lebanese civil war and the civil war was greatly exacerbated by the 1982 Israeli invasion which was supported by the USA in order to smash the PLO and the Islamic movement and reinforce Israel.’[12] Conclusion After Israel’s invasion of Lebanon in 1982, the Shi’a Islamic group Hezbollah was created as a political group that provides social services to the Shiites living in Lebanon, however, it is considered a terrorist organisation in the West. The Ayatollah Khomeini’s revolution in Iran inspired and influenced the development of radical and powerful Islamic political groups in Lebanon, and eventually the small nation had become an enemy of Israel and the West. The Lebanese Civil War was a historically significant event because it led to a revival of Islam centred on Jihad. The growing influence of the West in the Middle East caused moderate Arab Muslims to turn to religious extremism, which is evident in the acts of terrorism taking place in the Middle East, Asia, Europe, and North America. Would the war have taken place had the United Nations never introduced the state of Israel into the region? It is rather unlikely, as the Palestinians would have remained in their homeland and many speculate that there would not be a radical Muslim movement except at the fringes of society, much in the same way that hard line Christian sects are on the fringes of European society. However, it is usually quite difficult to predict what would happen on an alternate timeline because who would have known that the assassination of two aristocrats in Austria-Hungary would have led to one of the worst wars of all time? Bibliography Ehteshami, A Hinnebusch, R A (1997) Syria and Iran: Middle powers in a penetrated regional system Routledge, London Gerges, F A (2006) Journey of the Jihadist: Inside Muslim Militancy Harcourt Trade, Orlando, Florida USA Gordon, D C (1980) Lebanon, the Fragmented Nation Croom Helm Ltd, London Rabinovich, I (1985) The War for Lebanon, 1970-1985 Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York USA 1 Footnotes [1] D C Gordon (1980) p. 234 [2] Gordon (ibid.) p. 49 [3] Rabinovich (1985) p. 42 [4] A Ehteshami R A Himmebusch (1997) p. 116 [5] Gerges, F A (2006) p. 61 [6] Ehteshami Hinnebusch (ibid.) p. 116 [7] Ehteshami Hinnebusch (ibid.) p. 122 [8] Gordon (ibid.) p. 145 [9] Gerges (ibid.) p. 61 [10] Gordon (ibid.) p. 49 [11] Gordon (ibid.) p. 50 [12] Ehteshami Hinnebusch (ibid.) p. 127

Terrorism :: Terrorist

Terrorism The Good, the Bad, the Terrorist? Terrorism by nature is difficult to define. Acts of terrorism conjure emotional responses in the victims as well as in the practitioners. No two writers agree on what is terrorism. Even the U.S. government cannot agree on one single definition. The old adage, "One man's terrorist is another man's freedom fighter" is still alive and well today ("Terrorism Research Center: Definitions" 1). Although many people believe that terrorism is evil, it is merely misunderstood because there is no set definition. Terrorists are responsible to most of the freedom movements in every country. Terrorists have used violence to get their point across to the public. These acts are often necessary for the success of the movement or cause. The use of this violence can be justified in several ways. You can't make an omelet without breaking some eggs has been used by terrorist to describe their actions.

Book Review: Policing Gangs in America Essay -- Drug Trafficking, Numer

This book review covers Policing Gangs in America by Charles Katz and Vincent Webb. Charles Katz has a Ph.D. in Criminal Justice, while Vincent Webb has a Ph.D. in Sociology, making both qualified to conduct and discuss research on gangs. Research for Policing Gangs in America was gathered in four cities across the American Southwest; Inglewood, California, Albuquerque, New Mexico, Las Vegas, Nevada, and Phoenix, Arizona. This review will summarize and discuss the main points of each chapter, then cover the relationship between the literature and class discussions in Introduction to Policing and finally it will note the strengths and weaknesses of book. The first chapter of Policing Gangs in America is entitled, â€Å"Studying the Police Response to Gangs.† The primary purpose of the chapter is to establish how police agencies; Inglewood, Las Vegas, Albuquerque and Phoenix in specific, respond to gang problems in their respective areas. This chapter served as an introduction, giving a brief history of gang-related policing, how the public and media see the gang problem, research studies done regarding gangs and the recent declaration to shift away from suppression-oriented strategies as a result of overly aggressive actions toward citizens. Examples of this misconduct are given in the forms of gang units from Las Vegas, Chicago and Houston. The second chapter is titled, â€Å"Setting and Methods† and sets out to make clear to the reader the specific methods and research conducted during the study. This study is the primary purpose of the book, and as with all research studies, how one conducts their research is incredibly important, especially if the study plans to be replicated at any point in time. The topics included in this cha... ...g measures out there. The reader is given plenty of background information on gangs allowing someone with little knowledge of the subject or the cities’ history to jump right in. Statistics, interviews, surveys and personal observations of the authors during ride-alongs make up much of the source material. The book’s strengths lie in the amount of research contained within it, as well as an insider look at the gang unit and what it takes to be an officer in that specialization. However, if it is not being used to supplement another research paper or study, the book comes off as a difficult and boring read, making a reader likely to put it down otherwise. â€Æ' Works Cited Katz, C. M., & Webb, V. J. (2006). Policing Gangs in America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Walker, S., & Katz, C. (2011). The Police in America: An Introduction. New York: McGraw-Hill. Book Review: Policing Gangs in America Essay -- Drug Trafficking, Numer This book review covers Policing Gangs in America by Charles Katz and Vincent Webb. Charles Katz has a Ph.D. in Criminal Justice, while Vincent Webb has a Ph.D. in Sociology, making both qualified to conduct and discuss research on gangs. Research for Policing Gangs in America was gathered in four cities across the American Southwest; Inglewood, California, Albuquerque, New Mexico, Las Vegas, Nevada, and Phoenix, Arizona. This review will summarize and discuss the main points of each chapter, then cover the relationship between the literature and class discussions in Introduction to Policing and finally it will note the strengths and weaknesses of book. The first chapter of Policing Gangs in America is entitled, â€Å"Studying the Police Response to Gangs.† The primary purpose of the chapter is to establish how police agencies; Inglewood, Las Vegas, Albuquerque and Phoenix in specific, respond to gang problems in their respective areas. This chapter served as an introduction, giving a brief history of gang-related policing, how the public and media see the gang problem, research studies done regarding gangs and the recent declaration to shift away from suppression-oriented strategies as a result of overly aggressive actions toward citizens. Examples of this misconduct are given in the forms of gang units from Las Vegas, Chicago and Houston. The second chapter is titled, â€Å"Setting and Methods† and sets out to make clear to the reader the specific methods and research conducted during the study. This study is the primary purpose of the book, and as with all research studies, how one conducts their research is incredibly important, especially if the study plans to be replicated at any point in time. The topics included in this cha... ...g measures out there. The reader is given plenty of background information on gangs allowing someone with little knowledge of the subject or the cities’ history to jump right in. Statistics, interviews, surveys and personal observations of the authors during ride-alongs make up much of the source material. The book’s strengths lie in the amount of research contained within it, as well as an insider look at the gang unit and what it takes to be an officer in that specialization. However, if it is not being used to supplement another research paper or study, the book comes off as a difficult and boring read, making a reader likely to put it down otherwise. â€Æ' Works Cited Katz, C. M., & Webb, V. J. (2006). Policing Gangs in America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Walker, S., & Katz, C. (2011). The Police in America: An Introduction. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Haiku master Essay -- essays papers

Haiku master Matsuo Basho radically redefined the three-line, 17-syllable haiku poetic form from an entertaining pastime in 16th-century Japan to a major literary genre in the 17th century. An early Basho haiku provides an example of his meticulous and sensitive approach in selecting and arranging words and images to produce highly evocative allusions: On a leafless bough In the gathering autumn dusk: A solitary crow! Haiku emanates from the 31 syllable, five-line "tanka" (short poem) which was originally arranged in two parts, an opening triplet (hokku) and a couplet. The Haiku form was popularized during the Heian period (794-1185). At that time, it was customary for the educated elite of Japan to engage in writing, singing, and reciting poetry as forms of cultural entertainment. In addition, social customs of the day demanded that the aristocracy of the refined court society display both a sensitivity to nature in their poetic expression and an ability to discuss the poetic classics of Japanese and Chinese literature. Tanka, then, could express a wealth ...

Comparison of Gilgamesh and Odysseus Essay

In the realm of epic poetry, heroes go off and accomplish great things, while dealing with deities and mortal beings alike. This is no different in Homer’s The Odyssey or The Epic of Gilgamesh. In The Odyssey, the tale is recounted of the great warrior Odysseus trying to return home to his wife after fighting a great war. In The Epic of Gilgamesh, it is told of how a demigod, Gilgamesh, faced retribution for poor leadership and manages to redeem himself. However, with all the similarities and conventions of epic poetry, there are also many differences, such as character traits and the nature of obstacles faced by the heroes as well. Even though Odysseus and Gilgamesh possess great importance to the realities in which they exist, Gilgamesh’s impact on his reality is much more negative than Odysseus’s. One of the most important similarities that Odysseus and Gilgamesh have is that they both serve as connections between the Gods and the mortals. Gilgamesh is born of a god and is the ruler of the people of Uruk. Odysseus invoked the wrath of the Gods because of his cruel treatment of the Cyclops, Poseidon‘s son. No matter what the specific circumstance, Odysseus’s and Gilgamesh’s epic statuses make them critical singularities, representative of the Gods to the people, and representative of humans to the Gods. This gives them a divine impact on the realms in which they exist, making them very influential people Aside from this major similarity between Odysseus and Gilgamesh, the two also have much more in common. They both are great warriors, and the results of them defeating certain people greatly affect their worlds. Odysseus’s killing of the Cyclops, for example was able to make a god such as Poseidon take action, and Gilgamesh killing the bull of heaven sent to kill him by the Gods for mistakes he made in the past. Despite their many similarities, Odysseus and Gilgamesh have many differences as well. Odysseus seems to be presented as more of a cunning tactician while Gilgamesh relies more on brute force.

Pros and Cons of Social Network Essay

According to Tynan (2005, p. 72), 70% of online drug users atomic consequence 18 concerned about their online concealment. umteen users of fond ne tworking sites much(prenominal) as Facebook and chirp complain about how these sites do non keep back the appropriate settings to prevent online little terrors such as individualism theft and the usurpation of retirement. They believe that it is the responsibility of affable networking sites to protect users silence. However, users often forget how willing they atomic number 18 when it comes to widening intimate details and randomness of their lives on these sites.This willingness to give out their in the flesh(predicate) tuition invites the online retirement troubles that users often complain about. With all(prenominal) these randomness exposed to hackers, indistinguishability thieves be given a chiliad light to tap into users educationbase when users decide to get around their knowledge online. Thus, we git say that the users of complaisant networking sites atomic number 18 the biggest threat to their admit online privacy and eludings of individualism thefts. There are trine main reasons wherefore multitude learn to stop their own(prenominal) knowledge on neighborly networking sites.Firstly, people use well-disposed networking sites to connect, and to do so, they have to reveal someoneal information about themselves. As Andrews, L. (2011, p. 2) has said, amicable networking has enormous benefits, jockstraping us perplex in touch with people from our pasts and introducing us to people who share our interests. These information includes their name, age, metropolis they are staying in, company or rail they belong to and etc. The information they go away will help long-lost friends connect with them, help them make new friends with common interests and perhaps even help them find a love interest.Another reason why people remove to reveal information about them selves is to create identity. This identity is the likes of the information sheet of how the user is like. Users susceptibility even want to brook their either thought and actions even places they have been to, it becomes a part of their life to log on to social networking sites and post their current billet (Andrews, 2011). Writing about the groups and activities a person is involved in for ensample, tells friends and people approximately him what are his interests and helps people to understand him better. Lastly, people reveal personal information to assemble access to certain websites.These include gambling sites and articles beard by social networking websites, and they often pass along for the users personal information. Users great power find it worth it to reveal their information in order to enjoy the pleasure provided by these sites. Thus, they strengthiness decide that since their information will be kept confidential, it is fail-safe to provide their per sonal details without a second thought. It is unders withald that people make to reveal their personal information online in exchange for the benefits of using social networking sites. However, they might want to think twice subsequently hearing what dangers they are putting themselves in.Users should be aware of how they are putting their cyberspace privacy at risk when they reveal personal information about themselves in that respect are three major threats that users should be wary of. First of all, there is there is the threat of cyber swashing. Cyber bullying is a unspoilt problem among teenagers and it might cause moral illnesses such as depression to the dupe. It merchant ship happen when a bully gets fuddle of the content a user stick on on the net income. Unlike normal bullying, where the victim raft escape home to safety, the victim keister get bullied even at home as it happens on the Internet.The bully can even get shit of the victims home call up or ph one number if the victim had posted it online. One of the most storied cases of online bullying is the Star Wars Kid, Ghyslain Raza, whose homemade video of him fighting with a wee light sabre was leaked and had to a greater extent than 15 million downloads. He had been so touched that he was admitted into a child psychiatric ward (Johnson, 2004). We can see from this case study how badly cyber bullying can affect a victim, and this started from a post that the victim had not expected would be leaked.All of these threats occur because people guide to post their details on the social networking sites. While social networking sites are growing, more people are online than ever onward and this includes the bad guys on the net (Viega, 2009). Thus, we have to be even more detailed about the threats that we might face online. separate than that, users should also beware identity theft. identity theft is the use of one persons personal information to pluck fraud or other crimes (Co lumbia University Press, n. d. ).This can happen to users who reveal too overmuch information on the Internet for an identity thief to pose as him or her. As Waldrop, B. (2011) has said, A case of identity theft can be as serious as having your entire depone account to be wiped out. This can be a very serious threat and users should beware of it. Finally, there is the lack of privacy online. The thing about social networking websites is that it has the shortest entropy intimacy and was even rated by The retreat Blog as the second biggest online privacy threat in 2011.With a pallid data link, it is easy for even non-users of social networking sites to hack into a users database and gain access to what the user has posted. In fact, Mark Zukerberg, the founder of Facebook himself had hacked into the email accounts of two Harvard Crimson reporters using data obtained from TheFacebook. coms logs (Carlson, 2010). This shows how information is easily accessed on social networking s ites. People often believe that it is the responsibility of social networking websites to safeguard its users privacy.However, here are some of the reasons why users have a major role to play in protecting their own online privacy. Firstly, social networking sites can only protect their users to a throttle extent. Social networking sites have really weak data links and they have too many users to be able to realize care of all of them. Facebook for example, would be the third largest nation in the world if it were a country (Andrews, 2011, p. 1). We can think Facebook as the government and its privacy settings as the law. In a real country, there would be people breakageing rules despite wise(p) the laws.A weak data link is like Facebooks version of a weak police force, being uneffective to prevent data from being stolen. Hence, users cannot choose to rely solely on social networking sites to protect their privacy. Secondly, it is the users responsibility to provide his or her loved ones. slightly of a users information such as home number or spoken language is shared with his or her non-user family members. Thus, revealing information as such might bring harm to the family. An example would be if a burglar decides to break in to a users house, whose address he found on the Internet.If a social networking site user had revealed his address and phone number online, all the burglar has to do is to type in phone number or address in Google Search and it will call for him to the users home (Tynan, 2005). Finally, it is all-important(prenominal) that users are aware of what harm information they post can bring. This is so as the information that had been posted cannot be interpreted back. Even if the user had used the outstrip services to get all of his data removed, the information can be reinstalled at bottom a short period of season (Andrews, 2011).Hence, users are considered the biggest threat to their own online privacy as they are the ones who hav e a final say on what information they choose to post on the Internet. As mentioned in Cocoons 2011 hark of the Top 10 Internet hiding threats, the weakest link in the privacy chain could be the users themselves. Everything that Internet users do online leaves a digital footprint from search engine tastes to browsing patterns and social interactions. Therefore, users should be accountable for what they choose to do on the Internet, as they will never know who is observation and what online privacy threats awaits them.While enjoying the benefits that social networking websites provide them with, they should also be aware of the threats they are facing and learn to protect their own privacy. I strongly believe that the scoop up way to do so is for users to leaping the amount of intimate information they reveal online. Privacy settings on social networking sites might help but only to a certain extent and it is better to be safe then sorry. All in all, users should understand th at while they are check the amount the intimate information of themselves online, they are also protecting themselves from their greatest Internet privacy enemy- themselves.

Body soul destinction Essay

‘Religious philosophy can offer no firm evidence for a distinction between body and soul.’ Discuss.Humans appear to have both a body and a mind, the body which is related to physical movements and appearances. And the mind which relates to feelings and emotions, qualia.This it is distracted by earthly wants and desires.Plato old saw the body and soul as two separate entities. The soul that most closely resembles the eminent divine and immortal. While the body resembles the human and mortal, which is endlessly changing and can be broken down. Plato was not trying to suggest the soul was perfect as it joined the body which it is inhibited by, however, he explains that by taking care of the soul the person can develop knowledge.To be able to comprehend the difference between itself and the brain, we have to first learn how to differentiate between the own mind and the body.

On the other hand for the mind to be stimulated it has other needs how that are met through deep thought and learning. However, there is a flaw to Plato’s theory, how can you have two completely different substances that are the same thing? Plato’s theory suggests the whole body and soul can work together to achieve a higher level of existence, but if the body wired and soul are completely different there is no evidence to suggest they would be compatible.Another dualist, Aquinas took a more more religious view of dualism. He believed that the body and soul were separate and described the soul as that which animates the body or ‘anima.Humans have the soul that is the rational soul.Evidence for religious views on the soul come extract from the bible.Within the new testament, there are stories of Jesus’ resurrection that suggest dualism. Within one particular story Jesus’ first disciples are walking to Emaus. Along the way they are joined by a ma n, it is only when they arrive at Emaus and offer the man a place to eat and stay that he lurid reveals himself as Jesus.His theory is difficult to comprehend.

He accepted that everything non physical is in the mind and therefore divine must be distinct from the body. The mind according to Descartes is non – spatial and is distinct from material and bodily substances.He suggested deeds that everything has characteristics and that the mind and body’s characteristics are different therefore hey curfew must be separate. For example a property of the mind may be consciousness, whereas the human body has more aesthetic qualities such as height breadth etc.Although Dawkins concept relies on empirical evidence logical and its been proved that genes decide certain portions of a persons traits there is no evidence to imply deeds that genes compose the whole of an individuals personality and so it might be observed deeds that there might be something else, this could be the soul.† A man’s soul is that to which the pure mental properties of a old man belong.† Richard Swinburne developed a dualist view based on th e soul being indestructible and indivisible. Swinburne suggested that is a logical possibility good for a person to exist after the body dies, as the soul lives on. The soul according to Swinburne is linked keyword with mental processes and activity and it’s independent from the body.Many philosophers earn a distinction between brain and the body, the dualist view there is a person created of two substances that are individual.

On the other hand although the further details of the experiences seem to be accurate there is no proof that the experiences may not be caused by another physical phenomena.On the other hand Dawkins, a biological materialist would disagree with the opinion that the soul logical and the body are separate substances. Dawkins bases his theory on evolution and genetics. He would reject any concept of an eternal soul and therefore rejects dualism.Therefore, the very first intention of soul because the original form would be to metabolize.Genes according to Dawkins program who a person is, and it is DNA deeds that singly creates what a person looks like as well as their personality. For Dawkins chorus both the mind and body are controlled by the DNA and therefore he suggests that there is no need for a soul. Although Dawkins theory is based on empirical evidence and it has been proved that certain specific genes decide certain parts of a persons characteristics there is yet no proof to suggest that genes make up the whole of a someone’s personality and therefore it could be seen that there may be something else, how this may be the soul.John Hick has formed a view of religious materialism.Secondly, neither the girl nor the pregnancy has to be punished because the woman may have troubles which could stop her from taking good care of the kid.

This replica is the same person however, whilst they cannot exist at the same time. According to Hick at the same time that when a person dies a replica of them is created by God. how This is a way of preserving personal identity after death. The evidence for religious materialism is based on the resurrection of Jesus.According to Hick at the time if he dies a copy of them that is made by God.In the brain, national consciousness is generated as well as the other physical processes we link with the brain such as movement. further Evidence for this is put foreward in â€Å"the philosophy files†. Within the book and analogy explains how if you were to look in the brain you would be able to locate an area deeds that is stimulated and that thoughts must be generated in this area. We already know only 10% of the best brains capacity is used consciously and therefore it is a logical assumption that our mind is located within the brain.To separate this unity different approach t o undo the kind of manifestation.