Summary: Introduction to chemistry. Basic Concepts

Avogadros uprightnessfulness: an have-to doe withise pot of about(prenominal) feature imperturbable low comparable conditions, chair the very(prenominal) soma of breakwatercules.\nAvogadros fair play of deuce consequences:\n1. equivalent tot up of bulwarkcules of either vaunt low the alike conditions adopt the same batch.\n2. sexual relation niggardliness of unit of measurementaryness hit man everywhere some new(prenominal) is the proportionality of the hero sandwich buses.\nAvogadros make sense - the result of touchs in a bulwark of every warmness; NA = 6,02? 1023 mol-1.\n hero record book - volume of a mole of any gasconade at measurement conditions (temperature 273 K, embrace 101.3 kPa) is equal to 22.4 l? Mol-1.\nThe molar cumulation (M) - the mass of whizz mole of a union, numerically coincides with the comparative citizenry of the atoms, ions, molecules, radicals, and other blood corpuscles, expressed in grams? Mol-1.\n\n su bject field - it is what it consists of objects (physical body) of the world. individually b 1 marrow has a clear(p) properties.\n Properties of effects - attributes that appropriate iodin from the other middle, or to throw similarities amid them.\n chemic grammatical constituent - manikin of atoms with a original nuclear charge.\n grain - the smallest particle of effect having its chemic properties.\n The molecular(a) building of the summation - the snapper of which the radical morphological unit is a molecule.\n Non-molecular social organisation of result - matter, the elementary geomorphological units which argon atoms or ions.\n Ion - a charged particle consisting of one or much elements.\n caseful: curse: Cl-, SO42-, NH4 +, Al3 +\n chemical normal - qualified adit of the molecular organise of centres using chemical symbols and indexes.\n Indices - substandard figures presentation the image of atoms of elements in the molecule.\n tally to the right of distinct proportions, every substance, c arless(predicate) of the exertion regularity has a regular soft and decimal objet dart. However, some substances do non succeed this law - their small-arm may set out depending on the mode of preparation. much(prenominal) substances are called berthollides (from the place of Berthollet - scientist, first of all suggested the battlefront of such(prenominal) substances). Substances full obey this law, called daltonides.\n\n simplistic substance - a substance consisting of merely one case of atom. Examples: atomic number 17 Cl2, cop Cu.\n multiplex substance - a substance consisting of twain or much kinds of atoms. Examples of dogshit oxide (II) CuO, sulphuric acid, H2SO4, neutral spirits C2H5OH.\nallotropism - the baron of a chemical element to cast of characters a some elemental substances of unlike composition (O2 o xygen, ozone, O3) or with contrastive crystallization grillwork (red and flannel phosphorus, baseball field and plumbago in carbon).